The Monitoring And Controlling Of Sealed Quench Furnace Engineering Essay

The Monitoring And Controlling Of Sealed Quench Furnace Engineering Essay This Project involves the Monitoring and controlling of sealed quench chamber. Sealed quench furnace is chosen because it is only has both heating and annealing (cooling) process. For other furnaces, Heating and cooling process is done at different furnaces. Sealed quench furnaces are used to eliminate skin decarburization of the work load surfaces after heat treatment and heat -chemical treatment process. The monitoring and controlling of sealed quench furnace is done by using graphical software called Labview. The controlling and monitoring of furnace is done by using the parameters temperature, pressure, oxygen, Raw materials level and flow switch. The furnace is also known as Chamber. CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION: BACKGROUND: Any industry will have various parameters that are to be continuously monitored and controlled from a remote place. In most of the cases the use of manpower becomes almost impossible and therefore remote monitoring and control systems are extensively developed and  used. In this project sealed quench furnace is monitored and controlled using Labview. MOTIVATION: The aim of the project is to study and design the prototype for sealed quench furnace using Labview. Sealed quench furnace is the only furnace has both heating and cooling (Annealing) process. For other furnaces, heating and annealing process is done at different furnaces. It is used to eliminate skin decarburization of work load surfaces after chemical treatment and heat treatment process. The furnace is used for making bearings, engine parts and so on. The furnace has following features Calculation based on mathematical model of furnace. Function of technological diagrams (current profile of concentration of carbon, expected hardness profile after hardening, current state of the process on the diagram iron carbon and iron oxidation). Overhaul Programming. Fully automated and process repeatability. OBJECTIVE: The objective of the report is to simulate Monitoring and controlling techniques using Labview. The Technique used in the project is monitoring and controlling of sealed quench furnace. METHODOLOGY: The controlling and monitoring in Labview is search on internet and read them. The books from national library is useful to get information about monitoring and controlling, Labview, and furnace. The project will also need help and suggestions from supervisors. The technical help is need and is get from national instruments and also attend seminars about Labview is very useful for doing this project. Digital library is also useful to get information about Labview and controlling of furnace. SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS: Labview is a virtual instrumentation that based on the computer. By using Labview can generate independent operation executable files. The system will not interface to the work-in-progress system, nor will it be required to produce statistics for monitoring. Scopes: New atmosphere tempering furnace for scale-free tempering of steel. The new plant is able to process batches of up to 1 ton per load under atmosphere with sealed quenching. Components of up to 760mm can now be done vertically to minimize distortion. Maximum component length of 1220mm can be heat treated under controlled atmosphere. Computer-based order tracking, monitoring and management system introduced. The system was designed in-house by P.H. Heat Treatment for commercial heat-treaters. All of the above have resulted in greater competitiveness and improved customer service. Limitation: Controlling and monitoring is suitable for sealed quench furnace. Temperature is limited to 1000ÃÅ'Ã…   C STRUCTURE OF REPORT: Chapter1 Reviews the introduction of sealed quench furnace and Motivation of project. Chapter 2 Literature review of sealed quench furnace and Labview Chapter 3 Overview of furnace system Chapter 4 System design, testing and result discussions. Chapter 5 Advantages, Disadvantages and Applications of sealed quench furnace. Chapter 6 Gives the conclusions and future discussions CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW: FURNACE: Furnaces are used for different heat treating operations depending upon their heat treat requirements 1.150  Ã‚ °-700 °Ã‚  C used for nitriding, tempering, Annealing etc 2.650  Ã‚ °-1000 °C- used for Hardening, Normalizing, annealing etc 3.0ver 1000 °C -used for hardening of hot work steel, high speed steel, sinting etc Furnaces are divided into Batch type and continuous type. Depends upon Batch type the Quench sealed furnace is available as horizontal or vertical furnaces. It may use for annealing, hardening, carburizing, nitriding, nitrocarburizing etc In these two types of chamber used Heat chamber, quench chamber. The heat chamber is used for heating of materials. Quench chamber is also call as Cooling chamber. The process used in this chamber is heat treatment. Heat treatment is the heating and cooling of metals to alter their physical and mechanical properties without changing their shape. Heat treatment is often associated with increasing the strength of material, but it can also be used to alter certain manufacturing properties such as improve machining, improve formability, and restore ductility after a cold working operation. SEALED QUENCH FURNACE: Sealed quench furnace as a name defines, provides quenching under protective atmosphere. The furnace comprises main heating chamber, inlet vestibule, oil quench tank and upper slow cool chamber. It is also known as Muffle or integral quench furnace. In this project defines sealed quench furnace is chosen it has furnace has both heating and cooling process combined in one unit. The application of the furnace is industrial purpose. In industry side the furnace is used for moulding of metals such as engine parts, gear, etc MATERIALS RELATED TO PROJECT: LABVIEW: Labview is a acronym for Laboratory Virtual Instrumentation Engineering Workbench. It is a graphical programming language. There is no text-based program code like other programming languages, but there is a diagrammatic view of how data flows through the program. Labview is loved tool for scientists and engineers because conventional programming language is built and the task is achieved. Labview is introduced in 1986 and developed by National instruments. It is easily learn programming language. It is chosen because it is faster than other programming languages. The development in Labview program is 4 times faster than other languages. The virtual instrument developed using Labview is, in short called a VI. Uses of Labview: Faster programming: Hardware integration Advanced Analysis Multiple targets and OS Multiple Programming Approaches Professional User Interfaces Multicore Programming Saves time and money Increased Flexibility Applications of Labview: Acquiring Data and processing signals Automating test and validation systems Designing Embedded systems Instrument control Industrial measurements and control Academic Teaching and Research Polymer Technology Civil and Structural Engineering Defence Textiles Bio-medical Engineering Metallurgy http://cnx.org/content/m15428/latest/ Labview Industrial Applications: It is used in Aircraft industry for making of aircraft engine components such as oil pumps, clutches, pinions, yokes, pins, manometer pistons, aircraft carriages etc. It is used in Bearing Industry: bearing rings It is used machine building industry drive axis, gear axles, gear wheels, toothed rings, hydraulic and pneumatic elements, bolts etc It is used in Automotive industry for making of gear box components and drive axles (shafts, gears etc.) CHAPTER 3 SYSTEM OVERVIEW: BLOCK DIAGRAM: labview1 Figure 2.1 Sealed quench furnace with control system The block diagram of sealed quench furnace is shown in figure 2.1. It consists of Labview control system, Endo gas, Carrier gas, Air supply module, and Air pipe. Figure 2.2 Overview of sealed quench furnace The sealed quench furnace has two chambers separated by refractory lined door which can be opened to allow hot charge to be transferred from heat chamber to cool chamber. In order to determine the systems requirements, the parameter using to control the furnace are Temperature, Pressure, Oxygen level, Flow switch and raw materials level. The temperature of the furnace is monitored by thermistor. The first process is in heat chamber is the heating of materials and is controlled by atmosphere, LPG, Indo gas, Nitrogen. Nitrogen is used for safety purpose because use of LPG and indo gas. Indo gas and nitrogen forms carbon potential manage the raw materials used in the furnace. The control valves pressure and oxygen is monitored by sensors. Temperature sensor is used for the actual process held in the furnace. The second process is in the Quench chamber is cooling of materials. In this controlling valves are used for controlling of the furnace. The flow switch is used for level maintenance. In this Labview control system, it has monitor and control of the furnace, with inputs of temperature, oxygen, Endo gas, and pressure. The temperature of the furnace exists the predefined limit it automatically increases the air level and reduces the gas enter in the furnace. The pressure of the furnace is increases the above the set limit immediately out the air from the furnace. When temperature of the furnace reduces the set limit automatically increases the gas enters into the furnace. CHAPTER 4 SYSTEM DESIGN: Step1: Labview 8.6 version is installed and activating on the system. Step2: Figure 4.1 Front screen of Labview Open Blank VI for new project design. In this two windows are opening 1) Block diagram and 2) Front panel Step 3: Press CTRL+E, CTRL+T for both windows shows parallel. It gives flexibility and designer can see the both screen simultaneously. It is shown in figure Figure 4.2 cascade windows of Labview Step 4: In this deigning the monitoring and controlling of furnace, includes the five screens as follows screen Main screen, Report screen, Run screen, Setup screen and About us screen. MAIN SCREEN: The main screen has About Us, Report, Run, Setup, Exit and login icons. The run icon interconnects to the run module. The setup icon interconnects to the setup module screen. The Report icon interconnects to the report screen. The about us icon interconnects to the about us screen. Figure 4.3 main screen front panel Figure 4.4 Block diagram of main screen Step 5: Setup screen: In set up screen the settings of furnace are listed. Figure 4.5 Setup screen front panel Figure 4.6 setup screen block diagram Step 6: Report screen: Figure 4.7 report screen front panel Figure 4.8 report screen block diagram Step 7: Run screen: Figure 4.9 run screen block diagram Step8: About Us screen Figure 4.11 About us screen front panel Figure 4.12 About us screen block diagram CHAPTER 5 TESTING AND EVOLUTION: Problems Arise: The Labview is the latest programming tool and there are not enough reference books are available. Labview is latest design tool how to use this software The designing of setup screen Problem solution: Labview information is get from internet source and some books are getting from national library. Attend the seminar at national instruments, Singapore for using of Labview. CHAPTER 6 Advantages, Disadvantages and Applications: 1. Advantages of sealed quench furnace: Less distortion Process repeatability Minimal pollution Fully automated, Avoids manual errors Systematic analyzing Wastage minimized and cost saving Consistency in case depth and surface hardness. 2. Disadvantages of sealed quench furnace: Very fast quench Corrosive quench tank Fixtures and fitting High cost High safety need Limitation of weight (750 / 1000 kgs) Power consumption high Use only special gases Repeated process not applicable Only used hot quenching oil (oil cost high). 3. Features of sealed quench furnace are shown below Re-carburizing. Controlled atmosphere annealing Bright annealing Carbonitriding Normalizing Hardening Carburizing-hardening Carburizing 4. Application: The sealed quench furnace using applications are shown below Industrial Applications Gear making Engine parts Stainless less steel materials Making of tools Making of steels Making of machine parts, etc PROJECT MANAGEMENT: CHAPTER 7 CONCLUSION: The monitoring and controlling of sealed quench furnace using Labview is designed and tested with valid parameters. The Monitoring and controlling of sealed quench furnace is successfully tested and meets all the objectives required to function accordingly. The problems arise were encountered, it is manageable and solved with technical guidance. The conclusion from the performance results are Graphical programming is flexible and easy. Program design can be changed easily based on the customer requirements. Overall the system is efficient RECOMMENDATION: The prototype was successfully developed to meet its objectives but it could be further improved based on hardware design.

Shakespeares Macbeth and Hamlet as Tragic Heroes Essay -- Macbeth ess

Macbeth and Hamlet as Tragic Heroes      Ã‚   William Shakespeare has written many literary works - from his sonnets to his plays, each has it's own individual characteristics.   One popular characteristic that comes from his plays is the tragic hero.   The audience can always relate to the tragic hero and the many trials he faces.   Macbeth and Hamlet are just two of Shakespeare's plays that involve the tragic hero.   Through their nobility, tragic flaws, and dignity Macbeth and Hamlet prove to be tragic heroes.    Macbeth's nobility begins with the title, "thane of Glamis" (1.3.74).   After the original "thane of Cawdor" (1.3.110) dies, Macbeth gains this title as well.   Once the witches reveal the prophecy that Macbeth would be king, Macbeth murders the king and takes the throne for himself.   This reaches the height of Macbeth's nobility.   In the beginning of the play, Macbeth is thought of as a "worthy thane"(2.3.43.), however, this shifts to nothing more than a "hell hound"(5.8.4.) in the end.   Much like Macbeth, Hamlet is very powerful and has a high status in the country.   Hamlet is the Prince of Denmark and was named "most immediate to [the] throne" (1.2.109) by Claudius.   "Lord Hamlet"(1.5.112.) is well respected by the people of Denmark.   Claudius takes this into account and does not immediately kill Hamlet when he finds out he knows the truth about his father's death.   Similar to Macbeth, Hamlet starts out in a more noble position than he ends up.   Once Ha mlet begins to act crazy, others start to believe his "noble mind is here o'erthrown!" (3.1.153.).   The idea that both Hamlet and Macbeth begin with a high position and fall to their defeat leads to the development of the theme power corrupts, an important theme in... ...s honor by exchanging forgiveness with him.   In turn, the dignity of Shakespeare's tragic heroes is reestablished in the end, however, this does not change their fate.    The characteristics of Macbeth and Hamlet lead them to become tragic heroes.   The specific detail of these characteristics make Shakespeare's tragic heroes well defined in each of his plays.   By the time of their deaths, both Macbeth and Hamlet have realized their fate and accepted the consequences like a true tragic hero.    Works Cited and Consulted: Elliot, G.R. "Introduction: On `Macbeth' as Apex of Shakspearean Tragedy" in Shakespearean Criticism, Volume 3. Edited by Laurie Harris Gale: 1984 Shakespeare, William. Macbeth. Edited by Norman Sanders. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994 Shakespeare, William. Hamlet. Ed. Sylvan Barnet. New York: Signet Classic, 1998.

Computational Complexity and the Origin of Universals :: Mathematics Mathematical Philosophy Papers

Computational Complexity and the Origin of Universals ABSTRACT: This paper establishes close relationships between fundamental problems in the philosophical and mathematical theories of mind. It reviews the mathematical concepts of intelligence, including pattern recognition algorithms, neural networks and rule systems. Mathematical difficulties manifest as combinatorial complexity of algorithms are related to the roles of a priori knowledge and adaptive learning, the same issues that have shaped the two-thousand year old debate on the origins of the universal concepts of mind. Combining philosophical and mathematical analyses enables tracing current mathematical difficulties to the contradiction between Aristotelian logic and Aristotelian theory of mind (Forms). Aristotelian logic is shown to be the culprit for the current mathematical difficulties. I will also discuss connections to GÃ ¶del’s theorems. The conclusion is that fuzzy logic is a fundamental requirement for combining adaptivity and apriority. Relating the mathemati cal and philosophical helps clarifying both and helps analyzing future research directions of the mathematics of intelligence. I. Introduction: Mathematics and Philosophy The two-thousand year old debate on the origins of universal concepts of mind was about the roles of adaptivity or learning from experience vs. the a priori knowledge (the inborn or God-given). It is closely related to the epistemological problem of the origins of knowledge. The problem of combining adaptivity and a-priority is fundamental to computational intelligence as well as to understanding human intelligence. There is an interrelationship among concepts of mind in mathematics, psychology, and philosophy, which is much closer than currently thought among scientists and philosophers of today. From the contemporary point of view, the questions about mind posed by ancient philosophers are astonishingly scientific. A central question to the work of Plato, Aristotle, Avicenna, Maimonides, Aquinas, Occam, and Kant was the question of the origins of universal concepts. Are we born with a priori knowledge of concepts or do we acquire this knowledge adaptively by learning from experienc e? This question was central to the work of ancient philosophers, medieval theologists, and it was equally important to theories of Freud, Jung, and Skinner. The different answers they gave to this question are very similar to the answers given by McCulloch, Minsky, Chomsky and Grossberg. When 2300 years ago Plato faced a need to explain our ability to conceptualize, he concluded that concepts are of a priori origin. The philosophy based on the transcendental, a priori reality of concepts was named realism. During the following 2000 years the concept of a-priority was tremendously strengthened by the development of monotheistic religion in Europe, to the extent that it interfered with empirical studies.

Edwin Blacks War Against the Weak: Eugenics and Americas Campaign to Create a Master Race :: Edwin Black Eugenics Master Race Essays

Edwin Black's War Against the Weak: Eugenics and America's Campaign to Create a Master Race To the average American it seems unfathomable that US based research into the "scientific" practice of eugenics could have been the foundation and impetus for Hitler's Nazi genocide and atrocities. In addition, notions of racial superiority and the scientific quest for the development of a pure Aryan nation, both by the United States and foreign countries, particularly Germany, were funded and fueled by monies from such prominent families as the Rockefellers, Carnegies and Harriman's. In his book, War Against the Weak: Eugenics and America's Campaign to Create a Master Race, author Edwin Black traces the history of the American eugenics movement, its influence on the rise to power of the Third Reich, and how it was the foundation for the development of scientific racism. Consequently, Black fears that though eugenics in the sense that we recall from the past is gone in name, the future still presents eugenic-like research under the guise of human genetic science, which once again i s supported by corporate funding whose goals are more for monetary gain and globalization, rather than for the benefit of mankind. The origins of eugenic ideology can be traced to the mid-nineteenth century when English philosopher, Herbert Spencer coined the term "survival of the fittest." Those strong and "fittest" would naturally rise to the top, for the benefit of society. Spencer, along with other leading scientists like Charles Darwin and Gregor Mendel advocated the principles of the improvement of the human race based on this superiority logic; supporting their findings through the combined applications of science and mathematics. In 1865, statistician Francis J. Galton "postulated that heredity not only transmitted physical features, such as hair color and height, but mental, emotional and creative qualities as well," and so new theories were born. (Page: 15). These characteristics were more than coincidental and Galton set about classifying and categorizing thousands of people based upon his hypothesis that negative hereditary existed, and that bad traits would out weigh the good and as a result, peo ple would spiral biologically downward. Thus the term "eugenics" was utilized as "the study of all agencies under social control which can improve or impair the racial quality of future generations." (Page: 18). Using the principles expounded by Galton and through Mendel's research in laws of recessive and dominant traits discovered in plant breeding, American researchers entered this new scientific field.

Hamlet’s Values Prevail Essay

Mark Twain once stated, â€Å"It is curious – curious that physical courage should be so common in the world, and moral courage so rare.† The zealous struggles between internal and external gratification and somatic and ethical honour have incontrovertibly led to man’s continual battle for integrity – pride versus ethics. Religious teachings impart that one show respect to all and utilize the power of oration to convey ideologies; yet religious crusades have instigated the bloodiest and most deadly battles in human history. Man’s universal and timeless question asks whether it is ethical to defend one’s honour through brutality or if the use of language and moral lessons are sufficient to deliver the message. Analogously, William Shakespeare’s The Tragedy of Hamlet bequeaths enlightenment to its audience of the universal beauties and faults of mankind on the comprehensive debate of integrity. The tragic hero, Prince Hamlet of Denmark, vies to comprehend his uncomfortably altered environment, while he relentlessly endeavors to seek morality, logic, and reason in a world where corruption and greed autonomously dictate action. His mother’s precipitous remarriage, the tormenting death of his father, and the forsakenness Hamlet feels from those he held close lead him to render epiphanic cognizance. Shakespeare’s use of soliloquys bestows unto the audience a voyeuristic view into Hamlet’s personal meditations, highlighting Hamlet’s introspective state. Though his vulnerability and pathos at times render him ineffectual and indecisive, it is purely reflective of his humanity and that is what entices him to the audience. Hamlet is in an internal battle with the imperfections of the world around him. In the hypocritical nation of Denmark, Hamlet is thrust into witnessing indecencies, both externally and in his own home; thus Hamlet’s lack of action is conjured not by feebleness of character. It is the moral contradictions and duplicity in the world before him that hinder his actions; he operates therefore with ethics, prudence, and wisdom. Heroic valor sets Hamlet apart from the supplementary nobility in Denmark. After the enigmatic death of the erstwhile King Hamlet Senior, goes unquestioned, Hamlet’s morals compel him to seek answers. Before Hamlet can pursue the truth he must however come to terms with his mother Gertrude’s remarriage to his father’s brother, Claudius. Disappointment in his mother and grief for his father, lead Hamlet to his first soliloquy, wherein he describes the consequences of suicide and his mother’s immorality. Even in his melancholia Hamlet understand the magnitudes of â€Å"self-slaughter,† as â€Å"the Everl asting [has] fixed / his canon ‘gainst† it (1.2.135-136). His ability to look past the superficial transient benefits of iniquitous actions helps Hamlet to stay firm in his beliefs throughout his journey. Though dismayed as to how â€Å"rotten in the state of Denmark† it is, Hamlet expresses his emotions by reacting to his surroundings in a gallant manner (1.4.90). Upon meeting the ghost of the late King, Hamlet is incensed by the horrific crime his â€Å"uncle-father† has committed (2.2.399). However, Hamlet does not immediately take the words of the ghost as factual; in his second soliloquy he concludes â€Å"the spirit that [he has] seen / may be a devil† and that he cannot trust him without evidence (2.2.627-628). Hamlet decides â€Å"the play’s the thing / wherein [he will] catch the conscience of the king† (2.2.633-634). Hamlet realizes the depravity of slaughtering a man based on the conjecture that he is a murderer. He refuses to place such marginal worth on an individual life as to take it without knowing the truth. In the most famous soliloquy of all the Shakespearean plays, Hamlet debates the value of life and the consequences of death; Hamlet asks â€Å"to be or not to be† (3.1.64). Realizing that death is a misleading and temporary fix, as one knows not of what lies hereafter – possibilities of eternal suffering from â€Å"the pangs of despised love† and life’s unanswered questions – Hamlet concludes â€Å"conscience does make cowards of us all† and with over analysis action is lost (3.1.74-96). Though the ghost’s words attest to be true as the players reenact the murder of the late King Hamlet in The Mousetrap, Hamlet waits to execute his plan. Morality often stifles one’s acceptance and trust in others. As his family has forsaken him, his childhood friends Rosencrantz and Guildenstern comply with the will of the king to remove him, and those living within the walls of Elsinore Castle perceive him to be insane, Hamlet has but one true confidant – Horatio. Hamlet’s most enlightening epiphanic moment comes as he prepares for the match against Laertes; he finally untangles the webs of deceit which have been clouding his moral judgment. He responds to Horatio’s worry for the battle’s conclusion by telling him, â€Å"not a whit, we defy augury † he further explains, man does not control fate; if it is meant to happen, it will (5.2.231-238). Hamlet has hitherto looked at life like a slow moving game of chess, evaluating each move he makes by weighing the consequences of the subsequent moves; he now understands he must leave his fate in the hands of providence. Hamlet’s dawdling journey comes to a rapid close in the final act of the play. During the match against Laertes Hamlet is made witness first hand to his â€Å"uncle-father’s† crimes; Claudius accidentally murders both Gertrude, with the wine he had poisoned for Hamlet, and Laertes, by the poisoned sword intended for Hamlet. Hamlet no longer stands idly by whilst the injustices of Claudius tear his country down. Though he too is poisoned by Laertes’ blade, Hamlet fights for the justice of Denmark and slays Claudius once and for all. The tragic resolution leaves a bloodstained Denmark distraught and uncertain, yet the heroic legacy of Hamlet’s valor and morality live on. Horatio recounts Hamlet’s tragic tale as Fortinbras of Norway captures Denmark. Hamlet is buried â€Å"like a soldier to a stage, / for he was likely, had he been put on, / to have proved the most royal† (5.2.442-444). Though Hamlet never wishes to be king, his pure humanity and strong morals prove to manifest his capabilities, even after death. It is integral for any actor playing the role of Hamlet to be well versed in the characteristics of his Hamlet predecessors, and to embrace their qualities while learning from their frailties. Whether on stage or on film, Hamlet is one of the most challenging roles for any actor to play. Two contemporary silver screen adaptations of Hamlet by Kenneth Branagh and Franco Zeffirelli portray the young Prince as a grieving individual vying to keep his virtue as corruption ensues. Branagh presents Hamlet’s famous â€Å"To be or not to be† soliloquy as the cinematic essence of the unraveling of Hamlet’s layers. Hamlet questions the meaning of right and wrong, while searching for his own purpose within the mirrors. Unfortunately for Hamlet, the mirrors neither hold truths nor divulge answers, thus he is left feeling a forsaken sense of betrayal. Branagh’s acting and directing are impressive in this scene, his emotions depict Hamlet’s internal conflict; he attempts to keep hold of his morals in a world void of any such ethics. Zeffirelli’s interpretation of Hamlet’s renowned â€Å"To be or not to be† soliloquy captures a darke r side the tragic hero. Though Mel Gibson’s superb acting highlights Hamlet’s emotional conflict of where he morally stands, the distrait directorial choice to locate the scene in the family crypt conveys too nefarious a mood and is confusing to the audience. Zeffirelli’s redemption comes in a glorious form – his interpretation of Hamlet and Horatio’s conversation in the play’s final act. Zeffirelli shows an excellent understanding of the play’s overall purpose. He depicts Hamlet’s epiphany as a monologue rather than the end of a discourse between friends. By omitting Horatio from the latter portion of this scene, the audience is able to see Hamlet’s shift in perspective develop on its own. Hamlet overlooks the ocean and its horizon as he decides let his fate rest in the ebb and flow of life. Contradictorily, Branagh, using Shakespeare’s original context, does not enhance the viewer’s perception of Hamlet’s conflict. Rather Branagh chooses to show the intimate relationship between Hamlet and Horatio. Kenneth Branagh’s brand of symbolism in â€Å"Hamlet† delves into the true meaning beneath the pages of Shakespeare’s written word. He surpasses the usual film adaptations of a drama, which fail to provoke the imagination. He probes the audience with strong symbolism forcing thought, questioning, and imagination beyond the physical. Franco Zeffirelli, dissimilarity attempts to engage the viewer by shortening the scenes and speeches apropos to the common Hollywood adaptation. While the pace may be more exciting, it loses in cinematic depth. A great production of Hamlet incorporates the strife between the external forces pulling man from his values and learned morals. Hamlet should be portrayed by his struggle to protect his humanity while those he cares for try to strip the essence of morality from him. As Hamlet traverses grief, the actor should have the emotional depth to connect with the viewer, and versatility to surpass the realm of pure poignancy to enter profundity. Hamlet’s instructions to the players should be heeded by any director â€Å"let your own / discretion be your tutor. Suit the action to the / word, the word to the action, with the special / observance, that you overstep not the modesty of / nature† (3.2.17-21). Plays should convey a universal struggle of man and act as a window to the natural world, where the audience members are permitted to view the intimacies of a society contrasting their own – to this rule, Hamlet is no exception. Works Cited Hamlet. Dir. Franco Zeffirelli. Perf. Mel Gibson, Glenn Close, and Alan Bates. DVD. Hamlet. Dir. Kenneth Branaugh. Perf. Kenneth Branaugh, Julie Christie, and Derek Jacobi. DVD. Shakespeare, William. Hamlet. Ed. Barbara A. Mowat. Simon & Schuster, 2003. Print.

Indian Marketing Environment

Indian Marketing Environment Indian Marketing Environment For Global marketers India is not just a single country, it is further divided into tow different countries. India and Bharat. India is looked and appreciated by the whole world. It is growing at the second fastest rate, Its a outsourcing hub, skilled workforce, Nuclear and space power and everything to become a world power. On the other hand, Bharat invovles poverty, Illetracy at high levels, Corruption, Mismanagement, Violnce between releigions and like that. So in this way whosoever desires to enter in the indian market must realize both the faces of this country.They should realize the serious challenges of doing business here like segmenting the market properly, Understanding country's social and cultural issues, getting through government beaurocracy and understading economic and political situation. There have been bunch of examples of companies who have tried to enter in Indian markets without taking care of these issu es and have failed badly. Now before understanding Indian Marketing Environment, it is important to understand what is Marketing Environment. Marekting Environment consist of factors and forces outside or inside the organzation that affect its business in the market.The marketing environment is divided into tow different environments. 1) Micro Environment: It consist of factors lose to the company that have a direct impact on the organization strategy. This includes company's suppliers, distributors, customers and competitors. 2) Macro Environment: It consists of larger societal forces. And these are beyond the control of the organization. These shape the characteristics of the opportunities and threats facing a company. For example, Economic, Cultural, Political, Demographic and Technological. Demographics EnvironmentIt is the study of the peoplein terms of their age, gender, race, ethnicity, and location. Demographic characteristics strongly affect buying behaviour. The current po pulation of India is 1. 18 billion and it is the seond most populous country in the world next to China. And it is being projected that by 2010, it will overtake china with 1. 53 billion. Obviously that's not a good news but for marketers there lies lots of opportunities. Fast growth of population accompanied with rising income means expanidng markets. And among this 1. 18 billion population, more than 50% are below 25 years of age. and hat is the reason why why tere is tough ompetition in the area of soft drinks, networking sites, stylish mobile handsets, job portals and all. Estimated in 2008, around 71% population lives in rural areas even after so much migration to urban cities and that is the reason why low cost brands have started targeting rural cummunityites. They put Camps, Haat in melas to promote their products. Literacy rate, as estimated in 2009, for men it was 76. 9% and for women it was 54. 5%, thoug there is still wide gender disparity, but it has been observed that growth in women literacy rate is more than men's.So women is another big target for marketers. Specially for home based products, as we know women is the chief person to select them for her home. Now, In India diffrent behaviour of diffrent age group has been observed which is mentioned below. Adolescents: The new-age teens are marketers delight. They do no earn but they are fond of spending. They spend lavishly on clothes, eating out, latest gadgets and are very keen t keep up with their friends in terms of possessions and lifestyles. They do not feel guilty of spending their parents money and put pressure on their parents to shell out money for them.They feel they need to have a life of their own, and it should not be denied to them just because they are not earning. Youth: The current youngsters are growing in a more media-influenced, brand conscious world thn their parents. Companies have to take their messages to the places where these youngsters frequent, whether on the intern et, in a cricket stadium, or television. They do not mind information reaching them but they will reserve their right to make their choices. They know what they want from their lives and the product or servies they buy.They hate to be persuaded and influenced. therefore companies would do well to leave them alone to make thier choices. They create their own website, make movie with their own webcam, post their thoughts, pictures and writing online. Since they are sure about what they want, they prefer customized products and services. Companies are realizing that they have to provide something unique and deeply personal to in thier loyalty. People between 35 to 45: People in this age group are settled in their professions and have toddlers and growing children in thier home.The exert themselves in their profession because they realize that their career is likely to take off at this stage. They put in long hours at office and they have to juggle endlessly between their responsibiliti es as spouses and parents and growing responsibilities at work. Parents may be staying with them or they may be living in different city. Income of the people rises at a good rate and they are good spenders. Some of them may be buying their nfirst car while most of them thinking of upgrading their cars. They are also open to new gadgets for themselves and for households.People in this age group want to live a good life and are constantly on a buying spree to improve their lifestyles. They dress well, dine out frequently, and look for opportunities to go on holidays. These days they are also keen to buy new houses very early in thier lives. They also plan to retire early, and they plan thier finances accrodingly. People Between 45 to 60: Some people in this age group are at the peak of their careers while some others are struggling to keep thier jobs. Children beome major priority for people in this age group.They spend less as they save resources to fund the higher education of thei r children. They are also worried about their own future and make a last-ditch efforts to put a retirement plan in place. People above 60: People in this age group live on a steady income. Some of them live with thier grown-up children and are part of their household. They do not spend much on themselves. Their family looks after their requirements. Most of their money spent on buying gifts for their children and grand children. They have to spend a substantial part of their earnings on health-related issues and domestic help.Political Environment The political-Legal environment of a country is influenced by political structures and organizations, political stability, government's interventions, constitutional provisions, government's attitude, foreign policy. Businesses feel helpless in countries where contracts cannot be enforced by the judiciary of the land or it takes excessive timein the judicial proceedings. Governments will need to provide an environment in which businesses c an flourish. In turn, government needs businesses because the marketplace generates taxes. In this way government and businesses need each other.Also every aspect of marketing mix is subject to laws and restrictions. As in any part of the world, political influence is highly essential to start a business in India. Especially if you are planning to start a multi billion business, some sort of political patronage is an absolute necessity. Not only for safeguarding the interest of the company but even to begin the process of getting the required sanctions, one requires hold in the high echelons of politics and administrative circles. Indian society is highly plural. It is the biggest democracy in the world with multi party political system.During the last couple of decades, India has opened its market to world. It has absolutely become an open global market. Banking sector, Insurance sector and all fields of industrial and business are now open for multi national investment. Of course there are many obstructions to cross. And mostly all issues can overcome and establish business if you have the political patronage. India has a plural political system. With numerous political parties, national level and state level, it is very difficult to get a consensus among all parties for starting any business.Also these political parties have patronage of many factors, caste, creed and ideologies. There are political parties with left centric communist ideologies; they are totally against direct foreign investments. But other parties, who are main ruling coalition partners, have right centric ideologies and open for foreign investments. In most of the states, mostly local political parties are ruling. Political parties require financial patronage from big business establishments. Many constituent states have realized the need for foreign investments in their state for a growth oriented economic situation.Hence the climate has changed a lot in India. So many privileges are of fered to entrepreneurs to start business. With all these facilities, still political patronage is a must to start a business in India. Even after establishing the business, for a proper running of the business, political help is essential. It is mainly to sort out issues related to local taxes, labor problems and many such issues affecting the normal working of the companies. Some exapmles in which the government interfere has changed the way people did business †¢ India food items need to put Green dot for all vegetarian items and a Red dot for all non-vegetarian items. All the packaged products need to have MRP(Maximum Retail price) on their package. †¢ Auto industries had to introduce expensive emission control in thier car-Euro II compliance †¢ Public transport in delhi like autorickshaws and buses have to use only CNG in place of Petrol or Diesel. †¢ Introduction of VAT in Delhi †¢ RBI various guidelines to credit cards companies †¢ Introduction of 3G technology †¢ And very recently, India has asked RIM (Research in Motion), maker of Blackberry, to install its server in India for tracking its messenger & enterprise mail services. nd if they don't do so, there services will be banned, which will affect their business in India. Social-Cultural Factors Social factors influence the products people buy, the prices they are willing to pay, the effectivness of speific promotions and how, when and where people purchase products. They change gradually and some changes will be imperceptible if not watched closely. That is the reason why it is most difficult variable for marketing managers to forecast, influence and integrate into marketing plans.One thing India faces no competition is its varied culture and heritage. It has great diversity in cultural practices, languages, customs and traditions. In india people before starting a new business consult astrologers. Supersition are a part of life like they avoid eating non-vegetarian on Tuesdays due to some releigious reasons. People here consider cows a holy animal and it is worshipped and this is the reason behind failure of KFC in India in 1997 when they inroduced Beef items in their Menu. Values: A value is a strongly held and enduring belief.In India a person's values are key determinants of what is important and not important to him, how he reacts in a particular situation and how he behaves in a social situations. Today educated Indian consumer do not tolerate ineffective products and sloppy behaviour of marketers. He has become more inquisitive, discriminating and demanding. Comapnies should learn to expect tough customers. Time Starved Customers: Today many customers place value of non-material accomplishments, such as having control over their lives, and being able to take a day off when they want.As work life gets longer andstressful, people are spending their leisure time recuperating. Casual Frdiays and Home offices are further blurring the boundar ies between work and leisure. People will increasinly place more value on time than money. Multiple Lifestyles: Today People lead multiple lifestyles. They choose products and services that meet diverse needs and interests rather than conform to traditional streotypes. A person can be a teacher and also a a gourmet, fitness enthusiast and so many other things. Each of these lifestyles is associated with different products and services and is a otential customer for companies. This has increased the complexities of consumer's buying habits. A person may go on holidays to exotic holiday locations and may spend a fortune to travel, but may dine in very ordinary restaurants. Changing structures of Families: The growth in the number of working women means an increase in dual-income families. These families have greter household income but less time for family activities. More working women has meant an inreasing demand for time-savng devices and products, particularly for th kitchen.It i s being discovered that cost is more prominent in deisions made by women, whereas quality is relativly more important to men. This will have important influence when comapnies design marketing mixes for products where the women is prime decision maker. Some examples hwo this factor has affected the market: †¢ Hindustan Unilever limited markets different blends of tea under the same brand name to address the regional preferences of consumers. †¢ Gits India specialized in supplying gourmet mixes to housewives, knows the taste well of North & South India. MTV facebook, CNN, Discovery has completly changed the values of Indian consumers. †¢ Automobiles & Insurance companies potrays themselves as a family product in their advertisements. Natural Environment Natural environment includes factors such as seasonal variations, climatic differences, soil conditions and natural terrain. In consumer markets, the natural environment affects companies because of the differences in t he nature of products bought by consumers due to variations in seasons and climate. In difficult terrains like hilly areas, it is difficult and expensive to get products to the customers..It becomes more expensive to build distribution channels for companies whose target markets are geographically disperse. There are so many environmental issues in India for example Extinction of Tigers, Pollution in urban cities, Water shortages, Deforestation etc. So a company raising even a single issue could do well here. How can we forget to mention Idea's initiative to save paper by usine mobile phones. Its outstanding advertisements & promotional campaigns has really catched our attention. Government also doing thier best to save our environment like PUC(Pollution under control) is must for all the ehicles, soap industry must have to increase its biodegrability, strict laws against killing tigers, encouraging use of solar energy in big government head offices. Technological Environment Techno logy is practically everywhere today-it has changed the way we prepare food, we buy our clothes, and we build our homes. It has changed the way we send our posts, we take our exams, we fill up our forms and the way we resort to comfort and entertainment. Computers, the most visible impact of technology have come a long way from being huge machines locked up in a room to tiny palmtops with more features added everyday.It has all the functions of a calculator, a music player, a home theatre, a video camera and practically a better tool than a pen and a sheet of paper. With more features and functions, computers have led to loss of jobs for millions. In this context, we can look at the impact of technology, especially computers, in the Indian context. Cloud computing, Voice over internet, online social involvement, 3G technology, E-banking are some of the remarkable technological improvements that has changed the lifestyles of Indian consumers. Today companies offering outdated or obso lete technology couldn't survive.People are demanding up-to-date gadgets and gizmos. And this is something learned very well by Nokia in India, which introduces new and innovative handsets every month. In case of banking transactions, Earleir people used to go to banks for each transactions. Then they start doing it over the internet at home or offices and today they are demanding banking on the move i. e. on thier mobile phones. Also IT sector has made india one the biggest outsourcing hub in the world. So basically if a company wants to survive and stay ahead in India market, it needs to keep developing new products through its R.Econmic Environment The economic environment can have a major impact on businesses by affecting patters of Demand and Supply. Companies need to monitor these indicators to survive in the market. Income of Indian consumer has increased and now they are more and more high standard of living products. That is the reason why Harley Davidson, Porshe has set up thier showrooms here. After inflation next issue is Infation which is rising at constant speed increase in prices of fuel, Food items has really impacted producers here.

Mother Jones advertises itself as smart, fearless journalism Essay

Of all mothers, Mother Jones advertises itself as â€Å"smart, fearless journalism. † If only we all had mothers who looked this deeply through current events. This is a unique journal which holds itself to high standards in both a journalistic and moral sense. As the website says, they look for articles that are â€Å"Hard-hitting, investigative reports exposing government cover-ups, corporate malfeasance, scientific myopia, institutional fraud or hypocrisy, etc. † It’s a journal that likes to get facts, shocking facts, about what people care about. The pages of the journal are ridden with ads devoted to the environment and environmentally concerned companies. Even financial investors advertize themselves as â€Å"green† investors (pg3). A cigarette company has an entire page add with â€Å"Natural† as their larges printed word. Educational institutions also claim add space that contributes to the worldly responsibility saying â€Å"change yourself, change the world† (pg 21). By using the adds in this journal alone, you could help end animal cloning (pg.33), drink organic coffee (pg 32), invest in economically sensitive companies (pg 25), get information about fixing your pet (pg 21), and even discover how to take part in the â€Å"green festival† (pg 35). All of it is riddled with the underlying message of social responsibility. In the mission statement found on the journals website, it says â€Å"the Mother Jones produces revelatory journalism that seeks to inform and inspire a more just and democratic world. † Notice they used the word â€Å"world,† and not just nation. Both advertisements and articles aim to sway opinions towards helping to change the world. In a single publication, there are articles on global warming, several on current American politics, the possible dangers plastic pose to the environment, oil spills in Brooklyn, education of troubled and disabled students, and the lack of protests on the behalf of today’s college students. It’s clear that this journal is out to change the world and hold us all accountable for higher moral and ethical standards. But that begs a question; what kind of standards? It’s tricky to lay a claim on whether this journal is liberal or democrat, let alone identify any defining moral statement as it has articles reflecting both sides of the generalized views of those parties. Perhaps this sentence taken from the websites advertising policies page can help explain the confusion; â€Å"we’re in business to produce great public interest journalism, no strings attached. † Or maybe this one; â€Å"Mother Jones respects and values free expression and dissenting voices. † Sounds very intelligent and fair – idealistic almost – but what’s the catch? Well it’s clear that a magazine is a business, and like any business you have to sell. Mother Jones does this with shock value. They publish articles about torturing children and one entitled â€Å"Gay by Choice? † It also has an article depicting news corporations as bias and even creating â€Å"fake news. † Mother Jones tells their readers all about the things they cannot trust, and reasons why from the experts who claim it. The writers for Mother Jones are experts to say the least. Most of their columns are written by freelancers, but darn good ones. Their cover story â€Å"School of Shock† was written by Jennifer Gonnerman after a yearlong investigation. Gary Greenberg is a contributing writer who is also psychotherapist, and his work has appeared in The New Yorker and Best American Science and Nature Writing. It’s clear that they editors believe, as their website claims, that they â€Å"assume that our readers are sufficiently smart and skeptical. † Though, when reading the articles it is clear that a degree is not needed to read this journal. Technical terms are not used freely or thoughtlessly. All in all, this journal claims, and lives up to those claims, to be a smart and justifiable journalism. It’s a publication that’s not a slave to it’s advertizers, and respects different viewpoints. I could see favor given to stories with shock value, but the overall theme of the journal, of global responsibility, would not be compromised. A Journal of Interest In Jennifer Gonnerman’s article â€Å"School of Shock,† she describes the extremely controversial disciplinary actions of the Judge Rotenberg Educational center located in Massachusetts. The center was originally set up for children with such extreme behavioral problems that they could not be a part of a normal classroom. Electric shocks are used on about half of the 234 children within the facility which charges $220,000 a year for each student. These children are diagnosed with sever autism, metal retardation, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, or are emotionally disturbed. By relaying the stories of children who have been through traumatic events in the facility, as well as her own personal experience interviewing them and visiting the school, Gonnerman creates a very emotional piece. After reading it myself, tears nearly ran down my cheek; and I’m a man who rarely tears. Surprisingly, most of the article is factual, with some informative narrative. The voice of Gonnerman is present, as are her thoughts and opinions, but they are not stated outright. By doing this she lets the reader feel through the facts and experience rather than preach to them. It could be very easy to push such an article in the face of readers with strong visual images, but instead the images are simply those of children sitting or standing, usually with an adult looking over them. There are no images of children being shocked, but there are also no pictures of children misbehaving. In this way, the article is neutral in it’s portrayal of the school. Though I cannot imagine anyone who believes that shocking a child with the voltage described is an ok thing to do, the article voices both sides of the argument. Numerous examples are given of a extreme behavior such as inducing vomiting, biting chunks out of his/her own tongue, setting fires and cutting him/herself. It’s a place where any child can go, despite their history or severity of behaviors. In some ways, it sounds like a necessary evil. The writing is clearly seeking to shut the school down, but it does not give a solution for its necessity. It does not give any alternatives for students or parents. I leave the article wondering how else to handle such violent and disturbed children. A Journal of Freelance Of the articles published in Mother Jones, most of it comes from freelance writers. That doesn’t mean, however, that just anyone can write for them. A slew of experts and highly educated, and highly published, writers contribute to this journal. But if you don’t want to go and get your doctorate just to be published, here are a few things to think about in order to get published: Subject, Experience, and Tone. The Subject, first and formost, must be one of large consequence. Either look to meet a large interest with a large number of people, or look for a topic that would shock a large number of people. Also, the topic must be something that can be affected or has subsequent consequences. To sum it up in a few words, it should be a new view on a popular subject. As for your experience with the subject, well years of schooling aren’t required to write for Mother Jones, but years of experience might be. Not only will this journal hold your writing and journalistic talents to a high level, but many people who have written on a subject for the journal have also written a book about it; and it’s been published. If you’ve been published in big name journals like The New Yorker, or Rolling Stone, that might work also. And finally the tone of your writing must be affirmative action. The editors of this magazine seek to change the world with it, so think along the lines of that. Other than a lot of research, aim to persuade readers to take action. Who knows, maybe Mother Jones will change the world some day, and you could be a part of it.