US Industrial Revolution Essays - Rockefeller Family, Standard Oil

US Industrial Revolution The Standard Oil Company established by John D. Rockefeller and the U.S. Steel Organization established by Andrew Carnegie. The Standard Oil Company and U.S. Steel Organization were made effective in various manners because of the activities of their various proprietors. The organizations contrasted in their work relations, advertise control, and auxiliary association. In the steel business, Carnegie created a framework known as vertical coordination. This implies he cut out the center man. Carnegie purchased his own iron and coal mineshafts since utilizing free organizations cost excessively and were wasteful. By doing this he had the option to undersell his competetors on the grounds that they needed to pay the contenders they went through to get the crude materials. In contrast to Andrew Carnegie, John D. Rockefeller incorporated his oil business through and through, his particular advancement in development of American industry was level. This implied he tailed one item through the entirety of its stages. For instance, rockrfeller controlled the oil when it was penetrated, through the refining stage, and he kept up command over the refining process transforming it into fuel. Despite the fact that these two influential men utilized two various techniques for the executives their organizations were still effective (Conlin, 425-426). Big shots like Andrew Carnegie, the steel lord, and John D. Rockefeller, the oil noble, practiced their virtuoso in contriving approaches to circument rivalry. In spite of the fact that, Carnegie slanted to be extreme fisted in business, he was not a monopolist and hated monopolistic trusts. John D. Rockefeller came to command the oil business. With one upward step after another he sorted out the Standard Oil Company, which was the core of the extraordinary trust that was framed. Rockefeller indicated little kindness. He accepted crude brutality won in the wilderness universe of business, where just the fittest endure. He persued the strategy of ruin or rule. Rockefeller's oil imposing business model turned out an unrivaled item at a moderately modest cost. Rockefeller belived in savage business, Carnegie didn't, yet the two of them had the best organizations in their businesses. (The American Pageant, pages 515-518) Rockefeller rewarded his clients in a similar way that Andrew Carnegie rewarded his laborers: unfeeling and brutal. The Standard Oil Company urgently needed each conceivable organization to purchase their items. Standard Oil utilized savage strategies when Rockefeller threatenedto start his own chain of markets and put nearby dealers bankrupt on the off chance that they didn't accepting oil from Standard Oil Company. Carnegie managed his laborers with a similar virus absence of tact and thought. Carnegie would support an antagonistic rivalry between two of his laborers and he prodded them into exceeding one another. A portion of his representatives discovered working under Carnegie agonizing. These competitions turned out to be so imperative to the workers that somedidn't converse with each other for a considerable length of time (McCloskkey, page 145). Albeit both Carnegie and Rockefeller made extermely successsful organizations, the two of them utilized corrupt techniques in some part of their enterprise working to get to the top. The accomplishment of the Standard Oil Company and U.S. Steel organization was credited to the way that their proprietors ran them with incredible power. In this extremely competetive timespan, numerous new organizations were being framed and it took skilled specialists to excel what's more, keep the organizations running and make the fortunes that were made during this enough said.

Use Of Counselling Skills When Assessing Needs Of Carers Nursing Essay

Utilization Of Counseling Skills When Assessing Needs Of Carers Nursing Essay Welsh Assembly Government (WAG) strategies underscores the need to help carers (2000 Strategy for Carers in Wales). Anyway more as of late, the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) stresses the need to offer help to individuals with dementia and their carers in wellbeing and social consideration in the NICE clinical rule 42 on dementia care (National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence, 2006). In light of English enactment the Welsh Assembly Government (WAG) created the Carers procedure for Wales: Action Plan (2007) it featured that in Wales 70% of care in the network is given by unpaid carers. The archive sets out WAGs key way for carers; it conveys explicit activity focuses that will lead the route forward throughout the following scarcely any years that will help accomplish the destinations. As of late the Welsh Minister for Health and Social Services (WAG 2010) counseled on a draft Dementia Action Plan for Wales paper created by a Task Finish Grou p, which featured four need territories that would improve the lives of individuals with dementia and their families in Wales. Because of these discoveries WAG has assigned subsidizing of  £1.573m to help the advancement of Dementia activity designs in the years between 2010 2012. Sway has additionally made accessible a coincidental financing of  £400,000 in 2010/12 to broaden administrations gave by Older Peoples Community Mental Health Teams to grow new Young Onset Dementia Services across Wales (WAG 2010). These administrations would incorporate suitable help and appraisal of carers. Predominance The Care Standards Act (2000) gives guideline and national least measures. These guidelines depend on administration client needs. The reason for which is to give a base norm, underneath which no supplier may work. One such supplier is (Grown-up Social Services) (ASS), at present backings 100,000 grown-ups in Wales. The principle arrangement of ASS is to help and secure those individuals who might be more terrible off monetarily in their nonappearance, by offering network care administrations and to work in association with different suppliers (ASS no date). ASS offers types of assistance to numerous grown-up gatherings. With the end goal of this task one gathering that ASS bolsters is more established individuals with emotional well-being issues, for example, dementia and their carers. The Community Mental Health Nurse (CMHN) is a piece of the Community Mental Health Team that works in association with ASS. CMHNs give authority abilities in Caring to individuals with dementia and their carers. Dementia has been portrayed by numerous individuals just like a degenerative decrease in mental working that compares to having complex needs reliance and grimness ( NICE 2006, NICE-SCIE 2007). Having such complex needs the more established grown-up with dementia is evaluated. This evaluation procedure likewise includes offering an appraisal of requirements for the carer. There are emotional well-being Policy Guidance gave by (WAG 2003) that suggests utilizing an appraisal instrument called the Care Program Approach (CPA) the CPA procedure will be talked about later in the task as this. The Carer The job and needs of the carer is regularly neglected, in spite of government arrangements. The carer feels disillusioned at the absence of data of help that is accessible and isn't effectively gotten to. Alongside absence of boss help in having a break to take their minded ones to arrangements (Carmichael et al 2008). There is proof to recommend from a carers see that it is an enthusiastic rollercoaster of difficulties that stretch the carer to the edge of ordinary thinking see Appendix 1(HCWPC 2008). These difficulties can cover a wide range. This could incorporate and not be constrained to loss of individual space, security, and decisions due to not having the opportunity. This additionally impairs the carers capacity to think autonomously as an individual as they have almost no uninterrupted alone time. This can prompt managing the passionate impacts of confronting the absence of having a significant relationship, self esteem and loss of the capacity to know bliss. Further enthus iastic difficulties can be evoked as companions, family and the more extensive network pull back as frequently they can get on the carers sentiments of misery and more noteworthy or lesser burdensome indications. To maintain a strategic distance from individuals getting an impression the carer will frequently fake it to outcasts despite the fact that they are gradually genuinely biting the dust within, through absence of chuckling and loss of control of ones self (HCWPC 2008). Along these lines it is fundamental for the CMHN to use the aptitudes they have in perceiving the individual needs of the carer. CMHN have their job At present in England there are Admiral Nurses who are expert specialists in dementia and work in organization with family carers and individuals with dementia. In Wales the principal Admiral Nurses began working in one province as it were. After three years in April 2010 (A mysterious University Health Board) neglected to get subsidizing for the support of proceed (Dementia UK 2010). Presently the hole in Wales is being met by Community Mental Health Nurse Specialist Practitioners (CMHNSP) whose job is that of group pioneer. Driving master groups that, get these patients and carers with complex needs. Master Practitioner courses are accessible through assigned colleges in Wales. These courses adhere to Standards for Specialist Education and Practice as set by the Nursing and Midwifery Central Council (NMC 2001). Distinguishing the necessities of the patient with dementia and carer through the CPA draws on the expertise of the CMHNSP. These aptitudes will draw on powerful corresponde nce, tuning in, directing and intelligent practice abilities. (Casement 1985), a psychoanalyst, refered to in Johns (2004) Offers an increasingly good idea of reflection as the capacity to discourse with self while exchanging words with a customer. He considers this exchange with self the Internal Supervisor focusing on the manner in which oneself deciphers what the other is stating, and weighing up how best to react. During the appraisal procedure the CMHNSP will be considering both as an inside director, and attentive person. The CMHNSP should feel positive in utilizing these abilities, yet ought to likewise know that negative powers could likewise be in power. As utilizing the two abilities could impact the CMHNSP to miss what really was being said. Rowlinson (2010) cautions that while effectively tuning in, it is significant that a guide stops some other sort of interruption. This incorporates the common exchange that everybody has going through their head continually. Shaping d ecisions, with respect to what is being stated, is additionally a square to effectively tuning in, just like the desire to give data at, what might be, an unseemly respite in the discussion. The evaluation and any experience with the patient and carer ought to likewise lead the CMHNSP to draw on their insight into guiding hypothesis aptitudes, and psychological conduct treatment (CBT) mediations and as a casual partner, this structures some portion of the CMHNSPs regular intercessions with the two patients, and carers. CBT is a transient talking treatment that has an exceptionally pragmatic way to deal with critical thinking. It intends to change examples of reasoning or conduct that are behind both patient and carers challenges, thus change the manner in which they feel. Mind(2010). ( Mention CBT) Collins (2003) because of a poll, medical attendants reacted that CBT empowered them to offer customers unqualified positive respect. The relationship that created between the customer and attendant helped the medical attendant to recognize and react to the necessities of the customer in a substantially more empathic way. During any mediation with a patient with dementia and their carer would require cautious non critical administration. The CMHNSP would draw from their insight into guiding mediations that they had learnt and utilize these to offer the carer much required help, to empower them to push ahead and permit both patient and carer to settle on educated choices about their consideration needs through the CPA evaluation process. Alongside an evaluation of requirements of the carer as their own needs are frequently neglected or covered up by the carer. (Ref Required) During any discourse with the patient and carer as an Internal Supervisor, the CMHNSP would give careful consideration that cautious documentation of any discussion would be required utilizing patients own words where suitable. Where authority appraisals are completed notes would be taken during such mediations to catch mind boggling subtleties. (ref to KG something) Taking opportunity to consider and arrange for what should be written in the notes would likewise permit the CMHNSP to comprehend the circumstance through reflection while recording the mediation for the situation notes. Keeping great records frames a fundamental piece of nursing and birthing assistance practice, and incites the arrangement of sheltered and efficient consideration. It should shape a fundamental assignment not to be missed regardless of whether there are time imperatives NMC (2009). Urging the Carer to make their own notes will help them in considering the issues and choices that should be made. Some portion of the CPA appraisal includes both the patient and carer partaking recorded as a hard copy there own consideration plans. This procedure separates the issues everywhere into littler ventured targets which can set clear reachable objectives. By separating the things builds the odds of accomplishment and objective accomplishment (Kottler et al 2008). Patients records are similarly as significant if not more so than the specialists records. Patients acquire valuable data that they can utilize both during and after the advising Nelson-Jones (2002). Objectives fly into the discussion r egularly not being seen by the individual looking for counsel frequently requiring the assistant to bring up the objectives Tschudin(1995). In this way furnishing the patient and carer with authority information or helping them in realizing where to discover it might support the patient and carer to see their circumstance from an alternate perspective and subsequently give a premise to activity. (Elgan 1994

ENFJ Personality Characteristics & Cognitive Functions

ENFJ Personality Characteristics & Cognitive Functions Theories Personality Psychology Print ENFJ: The Giver (Extraverted, Intuitive, Feeling, Judging) An Overview of the ENFJ Personality Type By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Updated on May 14, 2019 Myers-Briggs Type Indicator Overview Intuitive-Thinking INTJ INTP ENTJ ENTP Intuitive-Feeling INFJ INFP ENFJ ENFP Sensing-Judging ISTJ ISFJ ESTJ ESFJ Sensing-Perceiving ISTP ISFP ESTP ESFP In This Article Table of Contents Expand Key ENFJ Characteristics Cognitive Functions Personal Relationships Career Paths Tips for Interacting With ENFJs View All ENFJ is one of the 16 different personality types identified by the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator.?? Some other types are known by the acronyms ESFJ, ENFP,  INFP, ISFJ, and INTP. People with ENFJ personality type are often described as warm, outgoing, loyal, and sensitive. Illustration by JR Bee, Verywell Of all the personality types, the ENFJ is often perceived as being the strongest people person. They are capable of forging friendships of all personality types, even with more introverted or reticent individuals. Because of their ability to sense what others feel and affect how people behave, they do have the ability to influence and even manipulate others. This is balanced by their strong value system and desire to help other people be the best that they can be. ENFJ is the opposite of the ISTP personality type. Psychologist David Keirsey suggests that approximately two to five percent of all people have an ENFJ personality. Key ENFJ Characteristics ENFJs are strong extraverts; then sincerely enjoy spending time with other people. They have great people skills and are often described as warm, affectionate and supportive. Not only are people with this personality type great at encouraging other people, they also derive personal satisfaction from helping others.ENFJs are often so interested in devoting their time to others that they can neglect their own needs. They also have a tendency to be too hard on themselves, blaming themselves for when things go wrong and not giving themselves enough credit when things go right. Because of this, it is important that people with this personality type regularly set aside some time to attend to their own needs.They are also good at bringing consensus among diverse people. For this reason, they can be outstanding leaders and bring an enthusiasm to a group that can be motivating and inspirational.One common myth about ENFJs is that they are always sociable. While they love people, they do need time alone in order to assimilate and organize their thoughts. Strengths Outgoing and warm-hearted Empathetic Wide social circle Encouraging Organized Weaknesses Approval-seeking Overly sensitive Indecisive Self-sacrificing Cognitive Functions Each MBTI personality type can be identified by a hierarchical stack of cognitive functions that represent how each person interacts with the world. These functions focus on how people take in information about the world and how they then use this information to make decisions. Dominant: Extraverted Feeling ENFJs express this cognitive function through their engaging social behavior and harmonious social relationships. They are in tune with other peoples feelings, often to the point that they ignore their own needs in order to please others. ENFJs place a stronger emphasis on personal, subject considerations rather than objective criteria when making decisions. How a decision will impact others is often a primary concern. Auxiliary: Introverted Intuition ENFJs like to think about the future rather than the present. They may often become so focused on the larger goal that they lose sight of the immediate details. As ENFJs take in information about the world, their introverted intuition processes this data in order to create impressions, ideas, and thoughts. This allows them to spot patterns and make sense of complex or abstract data. Tertiary: Extraverted Sensing In an ENFJs personality, extraverted sensing causes them to take in the present moment, gathering concrete details and sensory information from the environment. Because of this, they will often seek out novel or interesting experiences and sensations. People with this personality type tend to be very aware of their present environment. This can lead to a great appreciation of aesthetics and a desire to create a pleasing space. Inferior: Introverted Thinking ENFJs are organized and enjoy structure and careful planning. Sticking to a predictable schedule helps ENFJs feel in control of the world around them. Because this is an inferior function, ENFPs may not have a great deal of confidence in their own ability to be logical and organized. Developing this function can help people with this personality type feel more balanced and in control of their decision-making process. Neglecting this aspect of personality can lead to relying solely on personal values when making decisions and neglecting the need for logic. ENFJs You Might Know Abraham Maslow, psychologistPeyton Manning, football playerBarack Obama, U.S. presidentBono, musicianElizabeth Bennet, character in Pride and Prejudice Personal Relationships ENFJs value other people highly and are warm, nurturing, and supportive in personal relationships. At times they can become very wrapped up in other peoples problems. They are altruistic and interested in helping others, which can sometimes come off as a bit overbearing. Despite this, they are usually very well liked and people appreciate their genuine concern and care. As parents, ENFJs are nurturing and warm, although they can sometimes be accused of being so-called helicopter parents. They are directly involved in their childrens lives, although they can sometimes be quite strict and even rigid at times. ENFJs need to remember to give their children room to explore and express their individuality, particularly as children age into adolescence. ENFJs have an outgoing personality and enjoy spending time with other people. Being in social settings helps them feel energized. In friendships and other relationships, people typically describe ENFJs as supportive and fun to be around. They are particularly good at relating to others and are known to help bring out the best in the people with whom they spend their time. Career Paths ENFJs often do best in careers where they get to help other people and spend a great deal of time interacting with others.  Because of their strong communication and organizational skills, ENFJs can make great leaders and managers. They are good at organizing activities, helping each group member achieve their potential and resolving interpersonal conflicts. They strive to create harmony in all situations, and always seem to know what to do to ease tensions and minimize disagreements. Popular ENFJ Careers CounselorTeacherPsychologistSocial workerHuman resources managerSales representativeManager Tips for Interacting With ENFJs Friendships One of the best ways to be a good friend to an ENFJ is to accept the care and support that they naturally offer. People with this personality type enjoy helping their friends, and it is important to show that you accept and appreciate what they have to offer. However, it is also important that you offer your support in return. ENFJs are not always good at asking for help when they need it. In many cases, simply being willing to listen to whatever they have to share can be very helpful. Parenting Children of ENFJs might find it difficult to live up to their parents high exceptions. At times, the ENFJ parents hands-on approach to parenting can be stifling and make it difficult for kids to explore the world on their own terms. Parents of ENFJ children should recognize that their children are extremely empathetic, sometimes to the point that they may feel overwhelmed by the strong emotions that other people evoke. These children are giving and caring but may find it difficult to burden others with their own struggles. Parents should encourage their children to care for others, while still taking care of their own emotional well-being. Relationships Because ENFJs are so sensitive to the feelings of others, your happiness is critical to your partners happiness. Remember that your partner may even put their own needs last in order to ensure that your needs are met. Let your ENFJ partner know how much you appreciate all the support and care that they offer and be willing to provide the same support in return â€" even if he or she struggles to ask for help.

Ethical Issues That Affect The Field Of Organizational...

Ethics refers to the principles that influence how a person or a group of people behaves. It is what dictates what is right or wrong but in some cases what may be right to a person may be wrong to another person. The idea of what is right or wrong is influenced by factors of religion, the society, past experience and individual perceptions about different issues (Carroll Buchholtz, 2014). Ethics dictates what values are and the social responsibility that an individual or a group of people play towards the society. The purpose of this article is to discuss the ethical issues that affect the field of organizational behavior. Organizational behavior refers to the study of how people interact with each other in organizational settings and this forms the culture of the organization (McShane Von, 2015). Naturally people are different; the values they uphold and what they consider to be right or wrong differs. Their interests also differ and getting them to unite on a similar background can be very hectic. For this reason, ethical issues have to be considered in an organization so that people treat each other fairly and are able to interact with each other. Among the major ethical issues that affect organizational behavior include health and safety of employees, legal and government compliance, transparency, fair working conditions and technology. The ethical issues that affect the organizational behavior of one company may differ from another but there are those issues thatShow MoreRelatedThe Ethics And Organizational Communications1448 Words   |  6 Pages The study of Ethics and organizational communications has been an ongoing subject. It has been introduced as a way to be a more effective communicator, especially pertaining to an organization. It is a practical way to improve morale between an employer to his employee as well as a client to an organization. Resolution of ethical behaviors and practices are essential to any organization. The following study of Ethics and organizational communications has been studied and explored by other scholarsRead MoreOrganizational Behavior Trends1619 Words   |  7 PagesOrganizational Behavior Trends Outline: 1. Definition of OB and related terminologies. 2. Role of decision making in OB environments. 3. Conflicts involved in decision making processes in organizations. 4. Rifts between managerial level staff and operations level workforce. 5. Stakeholders in decision making in a corporate hierarchy. 6. Self-inflicted ethical dilemmas and differences, causes for it. 7. Values and goals affecting causing ethical dilemmas in OB 8. Globalization and its strategic alliancesRead More Organizational Behavior Trends Essay1565 Words   |  7 PagesOrganizational Behavior Trends Outline: 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Definition of OB and related terminologies. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Role of decision making in OB environments. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Conflicts involved in decision making processes in organizations. 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Rifts between managerial level staff and operations level workforce. 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Stakeholders in decision making in a corporate hierarchy. 6.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Self-inflicted ethical dilemmas and differences, causes for it. 7.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Values and goals affecting causing ethical dilemmas in OB Read MoreThe Impact Of Ethical Dimension On Job Satisfaction Of Employees1232 Words   |  5 PagesIMPACT OF ETHICAL DIMENSION ON JOB SATISFACTION OF EMPLOYEES Chapter No. 1 Introduction 1.0 Background The need of organizational ethics is becoming more significant for job satisfaction in all businesses. These businesses have to face many ethical issues like social responsibilities, social expectations, fair competition, legal protections and rights. The consistency and maintenance of an organization’s culture enforces the management to take into account the culture and various factors like performanceRead MoreOrganizational Behavior Trends1159 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Organizational Behavior is the study of what people think, feel, and do in and around organizations. Organizational Culture is the basic pattern of common assumptions, values, and beliefs leading the way employees within an organization think about and act on problems and opportunities. Organizational Trends are patterns of change over time in some variable of interest. In this paper we will evaluate two trends in organizational behavior. The influence of ethics on decision-makingRead MoreCase Study: Ethical Issues Confronting Jacob966 Words   |  4 Pagesnumber of ethical concerns contained within the case study. Due to the large number of ethical issues confronting Jacob, he may wish to make a decision as to whether he truly desires to work in such an unethical culture. The environment of a business can certainly influence the individual employee, either for good and positive aspects, or in a bad or negative manner. Organizational ethics are definitely in play in this particular case study. A 2010 study found that an organizational culture reflectsRead MoreEthical Issues Within The Field Of Human Resources1657 Words   |  7 Pagesfacing problems with ethical issues in the field of human resources. Among the biggest ethical concerns businesses faced are the quality of work life, diversity at the workplace, worth of an individual, impartiality of human resources managers, and fair remuneration of employees. These issues present challenges mainly due to attaining a balance between the interest of the organization and requirements of employees. Ranking them based on effect on productivity and organizational performance revealsRead MoreThe Dynamics of People and Organizations1655 Words   |  7 PagesChapter 1 The Dynamics of People and Organizations Organizational Behavior Organizational Behavior is the study and application of knowledge about how people – as individuals and as groups – act within organizations. Organizational Behavior is a scientific discipline in which a large number of research studies and conceptual developments are constantly adding to its knowledge base. Goals of Organizational Behavior (Most Sciences share four goals) * Describe (How people behave under a varietyRead MoreOrganizational Communication : An Organization1591 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction The way in which individuals in an organization communicate with each other is what organizational communication is referred as in the simplest of terms. However, a little more precisely in terms of organizational communication as a field, it is defined as the consideration, study, and the censure of communication. Therefore, it would be safe to say organizational communication is not merely the transfer of a message from one party to another but it is also an element which shapes upRead MoreHow Do Global Regulations Influence Businesses Operating Internationally? What Are The Major Obstacles?1328 Words   |  6 Pagesof fair competitive environments are important to a robust economy. Having regulations in place and practiced by businesses keep them in check which allows more choice for the consumer, pricing remains more competitive, and they level the playing field. Societal principles, norms, and values through which laws are introduced and adopted are the foundation of responsibi lity to stakeholders. Social benefits such as having safe work environments, the promotion of equality, and preserving the environment

Essay Impact of Global Warming on Species - 2592 Words

Thousands of species have become extinct over the last four decades as a result of changes in land use and as a result of global warming. Whether or not the millions of species can adapt and evolve to climate changes is debatable. As this brief overview will report, the human species is not adapting well to the changes. It must be remembered that increases in the levels of carbon dioxide are certainly responsible for the risk many species face, but so is the way land is used, e.g., rain forest destruction. There is a feedback loop wherein plant life and the climate are interdependent. Each affects the other. When forests are cut down, temperatures in that area will rise. Rising temperatures cause other plant life requiring cooler†¦show more content†¦The results of these acts of nature have taken lives; a heat wave in France claimed 15,000 lives (King, 2004) and one in Chicago caused 500 heat related deaths (Journal of Environmental Health, 2001). Carbon dioxide levels are higher than at any time in our history (King, 2004). It is projected that more carbon dioxide will cause these levels to cause increased temperatures by 1.0 degrees to 4.5 degrees Celsius during the next century. Furthermore, climate changes have brought more diseases especially vector borne diseases, like malaria† (Journal of Environmental Health, 2001, p. 30). Different attempts have been made to stop global warming or to slow down its progress. For instance, the Kyoto Protocol was signed by numerous countries in 1997 (Retallack, 2000). This agreement called for countries to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions by 2012 (Retallack, 2000). Since that time, the levels identified in this Protocol would do very little in terms of stabilizing the concentration of these gases (Retallack, 2000). In 2001, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) adopted a 10-year Environmental Strategy (OECD Observer, 2004). In 2004, they acknowledged they are not on track w ith the strategy (OECD Observer, 2004). They recognize the needs but only about one-third of the ministers reported reducing greenhouse gas emissions (OECD Observer, 2004). Despite the evidence,Show MoreRelatedImpacts of Climate Change on Biodiversity in Northern Canada1501 Words   |  7 PagesTopic: impacts of climate change on biodiversity in Northern Canada Climate change, as a change in weather like global warming, has attracted the attention of the public. The issue of climate change has been becoming a global focus of attention for people around the world. Most scientists think that climate change is primarily caused by human activities. Temperature and precipitation shifts directly affect biota, and scientists think that as the climate continues to change, the biodiversity inRead MoreEssay on The Effects of Global Warming656 Words   |  3 PagesGlobal Warming is a condition caused by greenhouse gases and human activities. 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A Comparison Of Wastewater Treatment Methods Environmental Sciences Essay Free Essays

string(134) " On the other manus, curdling consequences in a larger mass of primary sludge that is frequently more hard to inspissate and dewater\." Water constitutes over 70 % of the Earths surface and is a really of import resource for all people and the environment. If H2O gets polluted it cant be the elixr of life any longer to aquatic and to the wild life that depend on it. Rivers and watercourses polluted with chemical contaminations account as one of the most important environmental jobs. We will write a custom essay sample on A Comparison Of Wastewater Treatment Methods Environmental Sciences Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Water pollution is fundamentally a human fallacy.This used H2O is called â€Å" effluent † . Turning population and rapid industrialization has increased the volume of effluent manifold finally deteriorating the fresh H2O resources and environing environment due to inappropriate management.It is 99.94 per centum H2O, with merely 0.06 per centum of the effluent being dissolved and suspended solid stuff. Infiltration/inflow: immaterial H2O that enters the cloaca system through indirect and direct agencies such as through leaking articulations, clefts, or porous walls.Inflow is storm H2O that enters the cloaca system from storm drain connexions, roof headings, foundation and cellar drains or through manhole screens ; Features: Fresh, aerophilic, domestic H2O has been said to hold the smell of kerosine or newly turned Earth. Aged, infected sewerage is well more violative to the olfactory nerves.The characteristic rotten-egg smell of H sulphide and the mercaptans is declarative of infected sewage.Fresh sewerage is typically gray in colour.septic sewerage is black.The category of chemical compounds found in effluent are illimitable and so they are better known by the name of the trial used to mensurate them which are BOD5 and COD test.Industrial procedures generate a broad assortment of effluent pollutants.The features and degrees of pollutants vary significantly from industry to industry. Waste-water quality is assessed based on physical, chemical, and biological features. Physical parametric quantities include coloring materials, smell, temperature, and turbidness. Insoluble contents such as solids, oil and lubricating oil, are to be considered under this category.. Solids may be farther subdivided into suspended and dissolved solids every bit good as organic ( volatile ) and inorganic ( fixed ) fractions. Chemical factors to be considered are: biochemical O demand ( BOD ) , chemical O demand ( COD ) , entire organic C ( TOC ) , and entire O demand ( TOD ) . Inorganic chemical parametric quantities include salt, hardness, pH, sourness and alkalinity, every bit good as concentrations of ionised metals such as Fe and manganese, and anionic entities such as chlorides, sulphates, sulphides, nitrates and phosphates. Bacteriological parametric quantities include coliforms, fecal coliforms, specific pathogens, and viruses. Both components and concentrations vary with clip a nd local conditions. VARYING FLOW Issue: Waste-water flow fluctuates with fluctuations in H2O use, which is affected by a battalion of factors including clime, community size, life criterions, dependableness and quality of H2O supply, H2O preservation demands or patterns, and the extent of metre services, in add-on to the grade of industrialization, cost of H2O and supply force per unit area. Wide fluctuations in effluent flow rates may therefore be expected to happen within a community Effluent does non flux into a municipal effluent intervention works at a changeless rate. The flow rate varies from hr to hr. In most metropoliss, the form of day-to-day activities sets the form of sewerage flow and strength. Above-average sewerage flows and strength occur in mid-morning.The invariably altering sum and strength of effluent to be treated makes efficient procedure operation difficult.Also, many intervention units must be designed for the maximal flow conditions encountered which really consequences in their being oversized for mean conditions.Flow equalisation is non a intervention procedure in itself, but a technique that can be used to better the effectivity of both secondary and advanced effluent intervention processes.The intent of flow equalisation is to stifle the fluctuations so that the effluent can be treated at a about changeless flow rate.Flow equalisation can significantly better the public presentation of an bing works and increase its utile capacity.In ne w workss, flow equalisation can cut down the size and cost of the intervention units. Wastewater intervention options may be classified into groups of procedures harmonizing to the map they perform and their complexness: The basic methods of handling municipal effluent autumn into the undermentioned phases, which is shown in the signifier of block flow: The procedure flow diagram of a basic effluent intervention procedure is as follows: Conventional WASTEWATER TREATMENT PROCESSES: General footings used to depict different grades of intervention in order of increasing intervention degree are preliminary, primary, secondary and third and/or advanced effluent intervention. Preliminary intervention: Preliminary intervention prepares waste-water influent for farther intervention by cut downing or extinguishing non-favourable waste-water features that might otherwise impede operation or overly increase care of downstream procedures and equipment. These features include big solids and shreds, scratchy grit, smells, and, in certain instances, intolerably high extremum hydraulic or organic burdens. Preliminary intervention processes consist of physical unit operations, viz. testing and comminution for the remotion of dust and shreds, grit remotion for the riddance of coarse suspended affair, and floatation for the remotion of oil and lubricating oil. Other preliminary intervention operations include flow equalization, septage handling, and odour control methods. Primary Treatment: Primary intervention is designed to take organic and inorganic solids by the physical procedures of deposit and flotation. About 30 – 40 % of the pollutants are removed from the waste Waterss. Primary intervention acts as a precursor for secondary intervention. Secondary intervention: The intent of secondary intervention is the remotion of soluble and colloidal organics and suspended solids that have escaped the primary intervention. This is typically done through biological procedures, viz. intervention by activated sludge, fixed-film reactors, or laguna systems and deposit. Chemical intervention utilizes a coagulator such as Fe or aluminium.Then solid organic affair and P are precipitated into larger pieces which are separated as sludge. Suspended solids removal through chemical intervention involves a series of three unit operations: rapid commixture, flocculation and settling..A once-through chemical intervention system is shown below the tabular array. Advantage: greater remotion efficiency, the feasibleness of utilizing higher overflow rates, and more consistent public presentation. On the other manus, curdling consequences in a larger mass of primary sludge that is frequently more hard to inspissate and dewater. You read "A Comparison Of Wastewater Treatment Methods Environmental Sciences Essay" in category "Essay examples" It besides entails higher operational costs and demands greater attending on the portion of the operator. Adsorption WITH ACTIVATED CARBON Adsorption is the procedure of roll uping soluble substances within a solution on a suited interface. In waste-water intervention, surface assimilation with activated carbon-a solid interface-usually follows normal biological intervention, and is aimed at taking a part of the staying dissolved organic matter.Particulate affair nowadays in the H2O may besides be removed.. The two most common types of activated C are farinaceous activated C ( GAC ) , which has a diameter greater than 0.1 millimeter, and powdered activated C ( PAC ) , which has a diameter of less than 200 mesh. A schematic of an activated C contactor is shown below the tabular array. Advantage: Exploitation powdered activated C in concurrence with traditional biological intervention provides first-class outflowing bio-assay consequences, provides for toxicity control within the bioreactor, and proA ­motes higher nitrification efficiency than that of a conventional activated-sludge system. CWAO Oxidation is a procedure widely used for effluent intervention by which the pollutants are removed or converted into more biodegradable substances. Catalytic moisture air oxidization ( CWAO ) is a liquid stage reaction between organic stuff in H2O and O. CWAO is an attractive intervention for waste watercourses, which are excessively dilute to incinerate and excessively concentrated for biological intervention. It can be defined as the oxidization of organic and inorganic substances in an aqueous solution or suspension by agencies of O or air at elevated temperatures and force per unit areas. It is besides called flameless burning Typical conditions for CWAO scope from 125 to 300a- ¦C and at force per unit areas from 0.5 to 20 MPa. Residence times may alter from 15 to 120 min, and the chemical O demand ( COD ) remotion may typically be about 75-90 % . DECHLORINATION Dechlorination is the remotion of free and entire combined Cl residue from chlorinated effluent wastewater before its reuse or discharge to having Waterss. Chlorine compounds react with many organic compounds in the wastewater to bring forth unsought toxic compounds that cause long-run inauspicious impacts on the H2O environment and potentially toxic effects on aquatic microorganisms. Beginning: Adapted from Liu and Liptak, Wastewater Treatment ACTIVATED CARBON CONTACTOR: Beginning: Metcalf and Eddy, Wastewater Engineering, 3rd edition. Comparison OF CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL IN WASTEWATER: Factor BIOLOGICAL PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL CHEMICAL PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL EFFLUENT QUALITY Biological P remotion was observed to make a lower limit of 0.4mg/l in the wastewater Chemical P remotion was observed to make whatever outflowing quality demand as more and more chemicals are dosed SLUDGE PRODUCTION ( The production of sludge is considered as a really of import factor in the pick of a effluent intervention method presents ) Sludge production is less compared to chemical method. Chemical P remotion produces more sludge, approximately 25 % more sludge than by biological agencies. NEEDED PLANT VOLUME As the volume of the anaerobiotic zone of the Bio -P procedure is reduced, there are alterations in the outflowing quality and the efficiency of P remotion is reduced The decrease of the volume of the anaerobiotic zone has no effects on the chemical P remotion Consumption OF ENERGY It was possible to cut down the capacity of the aeration device down to 1000kg O2/hr and still hold good intervention consequences in footings of COD and nitrogen remotion in the Bio-P process.Beyond this bound ( less than 100kg O2/hr ) COD and the Nitrogen in the wastewater are excessively high. Same sum of COD and Nitrogen in the wastewater is observed at 500kgO2/hr.So chemical method is more immune to decrease in aeration capacity than the Bio-P procedure by atleast 500kgO2/hr aeration capacity. ECONOMIC COST OF TREATMENT ) Annual cost for sludge disposal is saved by Bio-P compared to chemical method. The cost of buying chemicals is high and no nest eggs with respect to sludge disposal compared to Bio-P remotion. The economic cost of intervention has been evaluated based on a summing up of the single costs associated with sludge production, cost of chemicals, energy cost and costs associated to volume nest eggs. The purpose of an economic cost is non to reflect the exact fiscal cost but an estimation that could be used as a guideline for the building of a new works or for comparing of the two procedures. Discussion: Chemical VS BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT: Biological procedure removes solid organic affair and dissolved organic affair. The chemical procedure removes solid organic affair and phosphorus.Chemical precipitation cleans the H2O really quickly, say in less than 15mins after the induction of the procedure, we have clean H2O, whereas with biological intervention it will take 3 hour to accomplish the same.Biological procedure stopping points relatively long clip and is dependent on the effectivity of the microorganisms.Chemical and Biological interventions work in different ways and accomplish different results.We have to find the major causes of O lack in Waterss and choose the intervention in conformity with local environmental requirements.Purification in itself demands resources.Biological intervention requires a long abode clip and energy is consumed when air is blown into the sewerage water.Consequently the Biological works is large and more complex.The micro-organisms have to be adapted to the pollution which sensitises th e whole system.Chemical purification requires add-on of coagulators which is done in a little pool and at lower energy consumption.The entire energy used for chemical intervention is merely 15 % of that required for biological intervention, even if the energy used for production and distribution of coagulators is included.In footings of the entire ecological emphasis, the chemical procedure is favoured.Life rhythm appraisals show the biological procedure to be a larger consumer of resources and therefore it is more negative interms of its full environmental impact.If there is no demand to take dissolved organic affair a biological procedure could make greater ecological harm than chemical procedure due to the entire energy ingestion and the natural stuffs used when building the works. The environment makes demands on the purification procedure and if advanced purification is necessary both biological and chemical methods must be used..In Norway, the bing chemical works built wholly within bedrock was extended with the N remotion system due to the increased food load.With the alone combination of chemical and biological procedures this works occupies less than half the volume of the conventional biological procedure. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS: Effective effluent aggregation and intervention are of great importance from the point of view of both environmental and public wellness. Any effluent intervention works needs important investing and Operation Maintenance and control, and hence any determination to implement such a installation should be carefully considered. It is non a good thought to reason that any intervention method is better than the other.Each one has its ain advantages and disadvantages.The pick of which method is to be used will depend on the society, the discharge demands and the costs they are ready to incur.As a concluding decision, the winning construct these yearss should non be based on which procedure should be used in isolation to the other, but instead utilizing the advantages of both processes together to obtain best consequences, while at the same clip understating their disadvantages. Extensive research activity in this field has led to important betterment and variegation in the procedures and methods used for waste-water intervention and sludge direction. Public wellness jeopardies are frequently associated with waste-water reuse, and accordingly it is indispensable to circulate cognition and information about the danger of natural waste-water reuse and issue safe reuse guidelines. 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Uncle Toms Cabin Essays (1892 words) - Literature, Film,

Uncle Tom's Cabin Uncle Toms Cabin Harriet Beecher Stowe UNCLE TOM -Uncle Tom manages the Shelby plantation. Strong, intelligent, capable, good, and kind, he is the most heroic figure in the novel that bears his name. Tom's most important characteristic is his Christian faith. God has given Tom an extraordinary ability. He can forgive the evil done to him. His self-sacrificing love for others has been called motherly. It has also been called truly Christian. AUNT CHLOE- Aunt Chloe, Uncle Tom's wife, is fat, warm, and jolly. She is a good housekeeper and a superb cook, and justly proud of her skill. She loves Tom, and urges him to escape to Canada rather than to go South with Haley. After Tom is sold, she convinces the Shelbys to hire her out to a baker in Louisville and to use her wages to buy Tom's freedom. She is heartbroken to learn of his death. - MOSE, PETE, AND POLLY - Mose, Pete, and Polly, the children of Uncle Tom and Aunt Chloe, are playful and rambunctious. Polly is Tom's special favorite, and she loves to bury her tiny hands in his hair. ELIZA HARRIS - Eliza Harris is raised by her mistress, Mrs. Shelby, to be pious and good. Described as light-skinned and pretty, Eliza dearly loves her husband, George Harris, and their little boy, Harry. When she learns that Harry is about to be sold, Eliza carries him in her arms to the Ohio River, which she crosses on cakes of ice. Although generally a modest and retiring young woman, Eliza becomes extraordinarily brave because of her love for her son. GEORGE HARRIS- George Harris, portrayed as a light-skinned and intelligent slave, belongs to a man named Harris. He is married to Eliza, who lives on the Shelby plantation, and they have a son, Harry. HARRY AND LITTLE ELIZA - Harry and little Eliza are the children of George and Eliza Harris. Harry, born a slave on the Shelby Plantation, is bright and cute, and sings and dances for Mr. Shelby and Haley. He is so beautiful that he is disguised as a girl in order to escape into Canada. Once there, he does very well in school. Little Eliza is born free in Canada. - SAM AND ANDY- Sam and Andy, slaves on the Shelby plantation, provide comic relief through their mispronunciations and deliberate mishaps. Andy, who likes to makes speeches, is meant to satirize politicians. But Sam and Andy make an important contribution to the novel's plot- their clowning allows Eliza to escape across the Ohio River. MR. SHELBY - Mr. Shelby, the owner of a Kentucky plantation, generally treats his slaves well, but he decides to sell two of them, Uncle Tom and little Harry, to pay off a debt. Although he regrets the sale, Shelby feels he has no other choice. MRS. SHELBY - Mrs. Shelby, a kind, religious woman, tries to raise the family's slaves with Christian values. She attempts to convince her husband not to sell Tom and Harry, and she helps Eliza escape. Warm-hearted Mrs. Shelby treats her slaves like people, crying with Aunt Chloe when Uncle Tom leaves and consoling her when they learn he is dead. - GEORGE SHELBY- George Shelby, the son of Mr. and Mrs. Shelby, is thirteen years old when the novel begins, and eighteen when it ends. He likes to spend time with Uncle Tom and Aunt Chloe, basking in their kindness and attention. He teaches Uncle Tom to read and write, and reads the Bible at the slaves' religious meeting. On Uncle Tom's grave, he swears to do whatever he can to fight against slavery, and he begins by freeing the slaves on his own plantation. George is one of the few characters who changes during the course of Uncle Tom's Cabin, as he develops from a good-hearted but somewhat self-centered boy into a noble and effective man. HALEY-Haley sets the plot of Uncle Tom's Cabin in motion by insisting that Mr. Shelby sell him Tom and little Harry. Haley curses, smokes, drinks, and dresses badly. He claims to be humane because he is not completely cruel to the slaves he buys. But you can see that he's a nasty person. He doesn't believe slaves have feelings, so he doesn't think twice about separating a mother and child- like Eliza and little Harry, or about the woman who

Three Races to Immigrate to the United States In Search for the Promised Land

Three Races to Immigrate to the United States In Search for the Promised Land Introduction: The Mystery of the United States It seems that the USA has become the Promised Land for the people dissatisfied with the quality of living standards in their own country; therefore, these people head to their Mecca, the country where every cloud has a silver lining. In the light of the fact that at present, a number of the USA cities are overpopulated, the issue concerning immigration remains unresolved.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Three Races to Immigrate to the United States: In Search for the Promised Land specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Unless the given issue is tackled, immigration into the USA might soon become impossible. Therefore, it is necessary to consider what races are most likely to immigrate to the USA in the nearest future, as well as which of these races have the most legitimate reasons to be accepted into the realm of the USA democracy. When the Oriental Culture Merges with the We stern One: The Chinese The first candidates to migrate to the United States, the Chinese, nevertheless, are bound to face a number of difficulties when acculturating to the American lifestyle and trying to build their own mini-society within the realm of the American culture. However, it seems that the Chinese actually integrated into the American society quite a while ago. According to the existing evidence, the concept of an American–Chinese culture emerged in the distant 1850, when the first immigration wave swept New York and other major cities (Liu). In addition, it is noteworthy that the Americans have been maintaining business relationships with the Chinese for quite long. That being said, it would be reasonable to suggest that the Chinese migrant population is bound to find a common language with the Americans at least in the business field. In Search for Better Working Options: The Mexicans There is no point in denying that the economical and financial state of Mexic o is more than deplorable. The state remains on the list of the so-called third world countries, and with the budget that the government has at the disposal, as well as the policy of the state, there seems to be no way out at present. According to the existing evidence, most of the Mexican population lives beyond the poverty threshold (Ceballos and Palloni). Therefore, it seems rather fair that the Mexican people should search for the place where their professional assets and efforts are going to be evaluated fairly and paid accordingly. However, when considering the migration of the Mexicans into the United States, one rarely takes the possible results into account. To start with, the process of acculturation is bound to take a considerable amount of time. In addition, it is highly recommended that immigrants into the United States, as well as any other state of the world, should perfect their professional skills in order to remain well paid and become successful.Advertising Looking for essay on rhetoric? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Given the enthusiasm of the Mexican immigrants, however – or, to be more exact, a complete lack of enthusiasm in acquiring new skills – the Mexican immigrants face the threat of crossing the poverty line even living in the U.S. Therefore, it is important that relatively cheap courses for perfecting professional skills should be provided to the immigrants. Pushing the Science to Its Limits: The Russians and the Brain Drain Naturally, when analyzing the reasons that make people from other countries move to the United States, people rarely consider the possible contributions of the immigrants into the American culture, science and society. When thinking of the opportunities that the so-called â€Å"brain drain† from other states to the USA offers to the latter, it is also necessary to evaluate the quality of education in the state, which the i mmigrants come from. According to the latest research, compared to the USA standards, the greatest quality of education can be observed in such countries as New Zealand and South Korea (Miller, Laugesen, Lee and Mick). In the light of the fact that over the past few years, the standards of living in the new Zealand have dropped and a number of people have been considering the option of moving to the United States, it will be reasonable to allow the New Zealanders become the residents of the United States of America. The given situation will be a graphic example of a reciprocal process that has to take place between the receiving country and the immigrating nation. The same can be said about the residents of South Korea; according to the existing researches, they have very high educational standards. However, when choosing between the two nations, one must mention that the South Korean living standards are much higher than the ones of New Zealand at present, which means that the New Zealanders need the USA assistance more. That being said, the immigration of the New Zealanders into the USA should be considered. Conclusion: Acculturation, Togetherness and Other Related Issues There is no doubt that the USA offers a plethora of opportunities for people to develop professionally, contributing to the state and being able to run their own business, at the same time maintaining their national and cultural identity. However, the problems of acculturation and the loss of identity are still worth bringing up. No matter how well developed the structure of a diaspora is, its members will still be isolated from their culture, which will inevitably lead to the loss of cultural roots. Therefore, immigration will always presuppose a dilemma between economical independence and national identity.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Three Races to Immigrate to the United States: In Search for the Promised Land specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Ceballos, Miguel and Alberto Palloni. â€Å"Maternal and Infant Health of Mexican Immigrants in the USA: The Effects of Acculturation, Duration, and Selective Return Migration.† Ethnicity and Health 15.4 (2010): 377–396. Print. Liu, Lisong. â€Å"Return Migration and Selective Citizenship: A Study of Returning Chinese Professional Migrants from the United States.† Journal of Asian American Studies 15.1 (2012): 35–68. Print. Miller, Edward Alan, Miriam Laugesen, Shoou-Yih Daniel Lee and Stephen S. Mick. â€Å"Emigration of New Zealand and Australian Physicians to the United States and the International Flow of Medical Personnel.† Health Policy 43.3 (1998): 253–270. Print.

Calculating Concentrations with Units and Dilutions

Calculating Concentrations with Units and Dilutions Calculating the concentration of a chemical  solution  is a basic skill all students of chemistry must develop early in their studies. What is concentration? Concentration refers to the amount of solute that is dissolved in a solvent. We normally think of a solute as a solid that is added to a solvent (e.g., adding table salt to water), but the solute could easily exist in another phase. For example, if we add a small amount of ethanol to water, then the ethanol is the solute, and the water is the solvent. If we add a smaller amount of water to a larger amount of ethanol, then the water could be the solute! How To Calculate Units of Concentration Once you have identified the solute and solvent in a solution, you are ready to determine its concentration. Concentration may be expressed several different ways, using percent composition by mass, volume percent, mole fraction, molarity, molality, or normality. Percent Composition by Mass (%)This is the mass of the solute divided by the mass of the solution (mass of solute plus mass of solvent), multiplied by 100.Example:Determine the percent composition by mass of a 100 g salt solution which contains 20 g salt.Solution:20 g NaCl / 100 g solution x 100 20% NaCl solutionVolume Percent (% v/v) Volume percent or volume/volume percent most often is used when preparing solutions of liquids. Volume percent is defined as:v/v % [(volume of solute)/(volume of solution)] x 100%Note that volume percent is relative to the volume of the solution, not the volume of solvent. For example, wine is about 12% v/v ethanol. This means there is 12 ml ethanol for every 100 ml of wine. It is important to realize liquid and gas volumes are not necessarily additive. If you mix 12 ml of ethanol and 100 ml of wine, you will get less than 112 ml of solution.As another example, 70% v/v rubbing alcohol may be prepared by taking 700 ml of isopropyl alcohol and adding su fficient water to obtain 1000 ml of solution (which will not be 300 ml). Mole Fraction (X) This is the number of moles of a compound divided by the total number of moles of all chemical species in the solution. Keep in mind, the sum of all mole fractions in a solution always equals 1.Example:What are the mole fractions of the components of the solution formed when 92 g glycerol is mixed with 90 g water? (molecular weight water 18; molecular weight of glycerol 92)Solution:90 g water 90 g x 1 mol / 18 g 5 mol water92 g glycerol 92 g x 1 mol / 92 g 1 mol glyceroltotal mol 5 1 6 molxwater 5 mol / 6 mol 0.833x glycerol 1 mol / 6 mol 0.167Its a good idea to check your math by making sure the mole fractions add up to 1:xwater xglycerol .833 0.167 1.000Molarity (M) Molarity is probably the most commonly used unit of concentration. It is the number of moles of solute per liter of solution (not necessarily the same as the volume of solvent!).Example:What is the molarity of a solution made when water is added to 11 g CaCl2 to make 100 mL of solution ? (The molecular weight of CaCl2 110)Solution:11 g CaCl2 / (110 g CaCl2 / mol CaCl2) 0.10 mol CaCl2100 mL x 1 L / 1000 mL 0.10 Lmolarity 0.10 mol / 0.10 Lmolarity 1.0 M Molality (m) Molality is the number of moles of solute per kilogram of solvent. Because the density of water at 25 °C is about 1 kilogram per liter, molality is approximately equal to molarity for dilute aqueous solutions at this temperature. This is a useful approximation, but remember that it is only an approximation and doesnt apply when the solution is at a different temperature, isnt dilute, or uses a solvent other than water.Example:What is the molality of a solution of 10 g NaOH in 500 g water? (Molecular weight of NaOH is 40)Solution:10 g NaOH / (40 g NaOH / 1 mol NaOH) 0.25 mol NaOH500 g water x 1 kg / 1000 g 0.50 kg watermolality 0.25 mol / 0.50 kgmolality 0.05 M / kgmolality 0.50 mNormality (N) Normality is equal to the gram equivalent weight of a solute per liter of solution. A gram equivalent weight or equivalent is a measure of the reactive capacity of a given molecule. Normality is the only concentration unit that is reaction dependent.Example:1 M sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is 2 N for acid-base reactions because each mole of sulfuric acid provides 2 moles of H ions. On the other hand, 1 M sulfuric acid is 1 N for sulfate precipitation, since 1 mole of sulfuric acid provides 1 mole of sulfate ions. Grams per Liter (g/L)This is a simple method of preparing a solution based on grams of solute per liter of solution.Formality (F)A formal solution is expressed regarding formula weight units per liter of solution.Parts per Million (ppm) and Parts per Billion (ppb)Used for extremely dilute solutions, these units express the ratio of parts of solute per either 1 million parts of the solution or 1 billion parts of a solution.Example:A sample of water is found to contain 2 ppm lead. This means that for every million parts, two of them are lead. So, in a one gram sample of water, two-millionths of a gram would be lead. For aqueous solutions, the density of water is assumed to be 1.00 g/ml for these units of concentration. How To Calculate Dilutions You dilute a solution whenever you add solvent to a solution. Adding solvent results in a solution of lower concentration. You can calculate the concentration of a solution following a dilution by applying this equation: MiVi MfVf where M is molarity, V is volume, and the subscripts i and f refer to the initial and final values. Example:How many milliliters of 5.5 M NaOH are needed to prepare 300 mL of 1.2 M NaOH? Solution:5.5 M x V1 1.2 M x 0.3 LV1 1.2 M x 0.3 L / 5.5 MV1 0.065 LV1 65 mL So, to prepare the 1.2 M NaOH solution, you pour 65 mL of 5.5 M NaOH into your container and add water to get 300 mL final volume

Hybridized Identity and the Love of Learning Assignment

Hybridized Identity and the Love of Learning - Assignment Example Identity is important in identity hybridization, one must know his identity first before being hybridized and turn it into something else. However, identities are constantly changing through time. I agree with the author towards Plato’s thought (par 8) that the fundamental identity of different things resided in the realm of the Forms (Plato, 1966 as cited by author). It really denies it. It does not merely seem to deny it. And Plato would deny that what is heroic today is different from what it was before. People’s opinions about it might change, but those are shadows, not reality. But is there an assurance that the person is still the same if his identity changes? Hume suggested that the self is a bundle of perceptions, including memory that changes over time. This precludes that any two people could be the same, but it allows that one can change, constantly, and still have some almost undying (at least in one’s lifetime) thread. However, amnesia and dementia m ay erase all of the person’s memories, which loses his link between his past and present, making him different person because arguably, a person with severe dementia or amnesia is not the same person, only the same body. A person composes of multiple selves (par 12), but to Baldwin (1897) a self has two aspects: the ego which represents the thoughts about oneself, and alter which represents the way one thinks of another (par 13). Ego and alter play an important role in decision making and the way to react depending on situations. In Oupensky’s statement (par 14) one becomes master over the other for only thirty minutes, until a new one takes over the other. This is similar to Nietzsche’s notion of the self as a number of wills to power, each expressing itself as master at different times. Transformation of one’s identity becomes rapid if he

Sales Rewards and Incentives Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Sales Rewards and Incentives - Coursework Example Job-related incentives are one of the sales incentives which are least expensive. They can be in form of additional vacation time at no out-of-pocket cost. These are mainly incentives which are related to daily work responsibilities of the team. These can include but not limited to a half day of work, funny celebration gifts, watch movie as a sales team, etc. This is very significant in motivating the employees (Fisher, 2003). Tangible incentives are something of monetary value. This can be milk and cookies, new cell phones, laptops, or other gadgets that are of great importance to the employees. However, the items should be valuable in order to excite the sales force and motivate them to work harder (Fisher, 2003). Experience incentives have been identified as one that impacts positively towards the happiness of the salesperson than purchases. For instance, instead of sending just one sales person to a Hawaii, it is more fulfilling when a team-based contest is organized with a team experience being the main price (Fisher, 2003). This plays a significant role in not only rewarding the high performers but also to create a strong bond between the salespeople. This improves the level of teamwork, an aspect that is replicated in the overall performance of the business.

Listening Skills in Communication

Listening Skills in Communication Communication is the key to personal, financial, and entrepreneurial success. Seminars constantly tout the importance and crucial role of effective communication, especially in order to succeed at business. However, one aspect of communication skills that is often overlooked is the effective use of non-verbal communication. Non-verbal communication can be summed up as all the other parts of language that give us visual and non-audible clues in order to correctly interpret the meaning and intent of the speaker in a conversation. Non verbal communication can be communicated through gestures and touch also known as Haptic communication by body language or posture, by facial expression and eye contact. Non verbal communication can even be communicated through objects such as clothing, hairstyles or even architecture, symbols and graphics. For example, when one goes to a job interview, khaki pants can convey a range of meaning anywhere from oh, Im here to the well-dressed and ready to conquer, all based on the style, quality, cut, and fit of the pant. Simplistic yes, but tried and proven as well. By the same token, wearing blue jeans to a job interview, no matter how dressy the pant, sends an underlying message of casualness that may not be the chord to strike, depending on the position and industry. Also, speech contains nonverbal elements known as paralanguage, which include factors like voice quality, emotion and speaking style, as well as the spoken rhythm, word intonation or inflection and stress. Dance is also regarded as a nonverbal communication. Likewise, written texts have nonverbal elements such as handwriting style, spatial arrangement of words, graphical or design arrangements or the use of emoticons. However, much of the study of nonverbal communication has focused on face-to-face interaction, where it ca n be classified into three main focuses: environmental conditions where communication takes place, the physical characteristics of the speakers, and behaviors of the speakers during interaction. While not a traditionally defined form of non verbal communication, effective listening skills are arguably the most prized set of communication skills for any businessperson to develop in order to achieve success. Furthermore, effective listening skills impact not only the professional sphere, but the personal and emotional health and overall well being of a person. Many experts disagree on the number of specific components that encompass an effective listener, yet there are certain key elements that are generally accepted as guidelines to make a listener more effective and serve to enhance the quality of communication between the involved parties. Listening is one of those special skills that, because we can hear, we tend to believe that we can automatically listen. Yet for many people hoping to facilitate, listening is the most difficult skill to master. As I write this I am remembering one of todays well-worn clichà ©s, often used by those who arent listening: I hear what you ar e saying, but.So says Mr. Trevor Bentley, who has developed a very specific set of criteria to define an effective listener. In his article, The special skills of listening, he states that specific situations require specific responses or set of listening skills. According to Bentley, one can narrow these instances to six main groups, which consist of monologue, dialogue, conversation, discussion, debate, and argument. Websters defines a monologue to be an extended uninterrupted speech by a character in a drama. The character may be speaking his or her thoughts aloud, directly addressing another character, or speaking to the audience, especially the former. Monologues are common across the range of dramatic media (plays, films, animation, etc.). In daily life, a monologue refers to that one individual who talks incessantly upon all subjects, often without pause to consider the effect of any of their utterances upon those in their immediate vicinity. On the other hand, dialogue is an interaction of sorts, its everyday basis and counterpart is a conversational exchange between two or more people. Now, a conv ersation is by definition communication between multiple people. It is a social skill that can be accomplished by the average individual. Conversations are the ideal form of communication in some respects, since they allow people with different views on a topic to learn from one another. For a successful conversation, the partners must achieve a workable balance of contributions. A successful conversation includes repeating, answering, creating and countering connections between the speakers or things and topics that the speakers know. For this to happen, those engaging in conversation must find a topic on which they both can relate to in some sense. They speak or from personal experience or from others observations and knowledge. Those engaging in conversation naturally tend to relate the other speakers statements to themselves. They may insert aspects of their lives into their replies, to relate to the other persons opinions or points of conversation. Again, all these are examples of different forms of listening. Finally there are discussions, debates, and arguments. While one can argue that these are all escalating forms of the same condition, the general meaning and reference of these three words is an explanation of an issue or a topic, compared and contrasted according to logical rules, and factually affirmed by persuasion and logic to declare one viewpoint in better standing than the other. Bentley recommends that in order to maximize communication in each of these situations one should chose a level on which to listen again, based upon the situation and to use a combination of directive, facilitative and active listening to have the most effective communication occur. His eight stages of listening cover non-listening, passive listening, judgmental listening, attentive listening, visual listening, reflective listening, active/creative listening, and directive listening. While the Bentley system has very logical and effective solutions to many communication dilemmas and situations, othe r experts take a more instinctive and generalized view of effective listening and non-verbal communication. In the article Turn listening into a powerful presence, Richard Harris states that Better-than-average listeners are keenly aware of the following important issues: partnership, reviewing systematically, effort, star events, empathy, neutralizing snap judgments, and tenacity. Listening is not by any stretch of the imagination a passive endeavor if practiced correctly or effectively. As a listener, one is always trying to receive or understand the meaning of the conversation, while dealing with all the non-verbal communicational clues on a subconscious level. If you are blindfolded in a room with some friends, you could participate in conversation actively. However, your responses and understanding could range from a little bit off to very misdirected, depending on how many visual cues and gestures you miss due to the blindfold. Active listening is not just generating responses to sounds or answering the question. It requires the listeners to understand, interpret, and analyze what is heard. Today, the ability to listen is an invaluable skill in interpersonal commun ication. It improves personal relationships by reducing conflicts, strengthening cooperation, as well as fostering understanding. Harris stresses the importance of practicing the issues that arise when holding a conversation, fully confident that a normal person can adapt and learn these techniques in order to become a more effective communicator. Sometimes effective listening is simply making sure that one is completely engaged in the conversation, suspending judgment, and making evaluations after all the issues have been discussed. However, it is not natural for humans to listen in this form, and patience and practice are key aspects to developing natural listening skills, which will eventually feel like a normal part of the mental acrobatics exercised on a daily basis by anyone who must communicate in any form. Effective listening is essential for anyone who wants to perform at his or her best, work easily and gracefully, and learn effectively. Few people realize that the art of listening has everything to do with intuition and little to do with the mental gymnastics of trying to concentrate on the words themselves. As you begin to see listening as an art and conversation as something that creates beauty, you will begin to understand how your own thoughts interfere with the experience. One expert argues that the less thinki ng that goes on during a conversation, the more effective the listener is, because more of the actual conversation is retained and absorbed.(Gunn) This particular expert states that in his personal research, the more open and clear a person is when engaged in conversation, the more recall is available after the conversation. Intuition and feelings are also very important to this particular theorist. For effective listening, this theory requires one to be very aware of the feelings that are being inspired throughout the course of the conversation, to be stored in the memory and analyzed after the conversation is over, which one presumably will have more recall thereof since one did not get mentally distracted by emotions or thoughts during the conversation. Effective listening is also closely related to non verbal communicational forms such as gestures. Gestures are another tool that can be used to maximize a listeners input on the conversation and its outcome. While this specific tool is very culture based, it can be very effective when interpreted and practiced correctly. One of the most common cultures to use gestures in the United States is the Latin-Americans. Gestures allow individuals to communicate a variety of feelings and thoughts, often together with body language in addition to words when they speak. For example, in the Cuban culture there is quite an amount of hand gesturing that leads throughout a conversation. Depending on the speed of the gesture shows the mental or emotional state of the person doing the speaking; if smooth motions are made with the hands, the words being said are meant to pacify or to be taken calmly, regardless of their content. Though gestures are not part of syntactic language, their processing take s place in the same areas of the brain used by speech and sign language. Another simple form of listening is reflective listening. Reflective listening is a communication strategy involving two key steps: seeking to understand a speakers idea, then offering the idea back to the speaker, to confirm the idea has been understood correctly. It attempts to reconstruct what the client is thinking and feeling and to relay this understanding back to the client. Reflective listening is a more specific strategy than the more general methods of active listening. It arose from Carl Rogers school of client-centered therapy in counseling theory. (Hughes) It is important to observe the other persons actions and body language. Having the ability to interpret anyones body language allows the listener to develop a more accurate understanding of the speakers words and possibly even the intent of the conversation, which may or may not be audibly stated. Having heard, the listener may restate or paraphrase what the speaker is saying. This is a technique for reassuring the spe aker of ones undivided attention. It really does not imply understanding or agreement. In emotional conversations, a good listener may intuit or sense underlying feelings and emotions. For example, when in an argument, one would say I sense you are angry. Can you tell me why? Again, the interplay between the non verbal clues and tools such as gestures and reflection all play a role in maximizing the effectiveness of the listener. While one cannot make a judgment call about the best way to listen, it is clear that the most definitive way to become an effective listener is to be mentally ready and to challenge oneself to practice skills that lead to naturally recalling and understanding everything that is said and intimated in conversation. While listening has much to do with the physical ability of the person, the intellectual application for effectiveness is more of a mental and psychological exercise that can only improve with constant practice. Not to trash the visually impaired, but the eyes are consistently the best source for all the cues that guide effective listeners. For many in the business world, the time spent becoming an effective listener will be priceless in terms of communication that can open doors and opportunities. Furthermore, an effective listener that applies their professional success to their personal life can also ensure a very productive and emotionally satisfying life, because all of us have something to say, and everyone wants to be heard. In the words of Bishop TD Jakes, Listen with your ears. The ears work better when windpipes are closed. Listen with your mind. Many times words are based on a point of reference that you may not be aware of. Listen with your heart. Many times words do not convey whats in the heart; so when you listen, hear what is said but also what is meant. Compassion is a critical part of understanding. It is difficult to love people without understanding them. Love seeks to understand. Listening with your heart will take away your natural propensity to be selfish. Listen with your heart. Many times words do not convey whats in the heart; so when you listen, hear what is said but also what is meant. Compassion is a critical part of understanding. It is difficult to love people without understanding them. Love seeks to understand. Listening with your heart will take away your natural propensity to be selfish. Sound words to guide the spiri tual health of his parishioners, but also very applicable to any successful individual in todays world.

Emotional Intelligence in Brave New World

Emotional Intelligence in Brave New World In Aldous Huxley’s Brave New World, both the world and its people are designed to disallow deep feeling and passion. But, assuming the citizens of Brave New World are human, is it really possible for humans to exist as social, thinking beings without true emotion? What is emotional intelligence? For years people have been asking that same question. Emotional intelligence was first discovered in the 1930s by Edward Thorndike, but the term was still unfamiliar to the psychological world.The term â€Å"emotional intelligence† was not officially used until 1985 by Wayne Payne (Cherry â€Å"Timeline of Modern  Psychology†). Today researchers still do not have an accurate description of emotional intelligence. In 1990 John D. Mayer was the first to describe emotional intelligence (EI) as â€Å"the subset of social intelligence that involves the ability to monitor one's own and others' feelings and emotions, to discriminate a mong them and to use this information to guide one's thinking and actions† (Salovey 1990, pg. 185).Mayer and his research partner Peter Salovey further defined emotional intelligence as â€Å"a set of skills hypothesized to contribute to the accurate appraisal and expression of emotion in oneself and in others, the effective regulation of emotion in self and others, and the use of feelings to motivate, plan and achieve in one's life† (Salovey 1990, pg. 210). Emotional intelligence is not only the regulation of emotions, but also the deregulation of emotions. The regulation of emotions is when we have control over our emotions. The deregulation of emotions is when there is no control over our emotions.The deregulation of emotions is greatly needed in our society because to be creative and to think outside of the box, one needs to let go of his or her emotions. To be passionate, our society needs to let our emotions run freely and flow without being restricted. Emotional intelligence gives that passion which encourages people to create our imaginative and our artistic society that we have established today. The question of whether we can live without deep emotion is also a question of whether we can exist without imagination.Emotional intelligence is a key ingredient in critical thinking. Critical thinking is the Rational reflective thinking concerned with what to do or believe, then critical thinking clearly implicitly implies the capacity to bring reason to bear on emotions, if for no other reason than that our emotions and feelings are deeply inter involved with our beliefs and actions. (Elder) In her article, Linda Elder gives the example: â€Å"If [a person] feel[s] fear, it is because [they believe] that [they are] being threatened. Therefore [they are] likely to attack or flee† (Elder).This shows how thought and emotions collaborate with each other to express our actions in difficult situations and in everyday life situations. Elder di scusses how â€Å"it is critical thinking which provides us with the mental tools needed to explicitly understand how reasoning works, and how those tools can be used to take command of what we think, feel, desire, and do† (Elder). To effectively solve difficult problems â€Å"one must have the desire to do so†¦Thus the affective dimension, comprised of feelings and volition, is a necessary condition and component of high quality reasoning and problem solving† (Elder).If a person has a â€Å"‘defect in emotion and drive,’† that person can create a â€Å"‘defect in thought and reason† (Elder). â€Å"In short, the truly intelligent person is not a disembodied intellect functioning in an emotional wasteland, but a deeply committed mindful person, full of passion and high values, engaged in effective reasoning, sound judgment, and wise conduct† (Elder). â€Å"The emotions that you experience and the thoughts that drive them, li ke everything in the Universe, are at their core pure energy† (â€Å"The Power of Emotions†).Emotions are designed to help people become aware of their special needs. Without emotions, people would not know how to make decisions. Our bodies were made to make decisions based on our emotions. In her article â€Å"The Importance of Emotions,† Carla Valencia discusses how emotions are the most important factors in making correct decisions (Valencia 1-2). Valencia explains how positive emotions â€Å"not only motivate our existence, but also give enjoyment and happiness† to our lives (3). When we express â€Å"negative emotions, on the other hand, [it] impact[s] our lives in a negative way† (3).This affects our decisions because if we â€Å"take a decision when [we] feel revenge for example, the results could be dangerous. A negative emotional state leads to a negative behavior† (pg. 3). If people misuse their emotions, it can lead to wrong decisi ons. The different emotions that human beings feel are important for people to function as social and intellectual beings. In her book The Food and Feelings Workbook, Karin Koenig reveals that: The function of emotions is to tell us about our internal world, just as senses provide guidance in the external world†¦ emotions also] keep you safe and out of harm’s way, steer you toward what’s healthy and life-affirming, and deter you from what’s dangerous and life-threatening. (Koenig â€Å"What Is the Purpose of Feelings? †) Koenig believes that our feelings and emotions show people the â€Å"painful† and the â€Å"pleasurable† things, so that they can adjust and make proper choices (Koenig â€Å"What Is the Purpose of Feelings? †). In The Food and Feelings Workbook, Koenig argues that people â€Å"have a better chance at physical survival if [they] are biologically programmed to be highly sensitive to both pleasure and pain†¦ People] are also programmed for emotional survival† (Koenig â€Å"How Do I Know When I Have a Feeling or an Emotion? †). This explains why we need our different emotions to survive. Our bodies need feelings to affectively interact with our environment. In his book called Emotional Design: Why We Love (or Hate) Everyday Things, Donald A. Norman says that â€Å"affect is a vague sensation that may be either conscious or subconscious, but emotion is the conscious experience of such affect† (Norman 55). Emotions are not the result of a forced action; emotions occur naturally.Karin Koenig agrees with this statement by saying that â€Å"feelings belong to our primitive defense system and are rooted in our collective biology and the history of the species. They are neurological, biochemical reactions that happen on a cellular level in response to stimuli. They don’t require thinking† (Koenig â€Å"How Do I Know When I Have a Feeling or an Emotion? † ). Emotions are used to differentiate the moral and the corrupt; the wrong and the right. We cannot survive without our emotions and feelings because our different emotions help us distinguish the good things from the bad things. Our emotions help us make decisions. Studies show that when a person's emotional connections are severed in the brain, he cannot make even simple decisions† (Hein â€Å"Emotions- Importance Of; Management of Negative Feelings; Positive Value of†). People whose emotional needs are not fulfilled become depressed which usually leads to their death by committing suicide(Hein â€Å"Teen Suicide†). â€Å"Teenagers around the world are killing themselves to put an end to their intense emotional pain† (Hein â€Å"Teen Suicide†).Teenagers especially need their emotional needs to be fulfilled because they are at the point where they are developing their â€Å"emotional development† (â€Å"Emotional Development – Emotio nal Development During Adolescence†). Their â€Å"behavioral problems† are the result of their need to express their emotions (Hein â€Å"Emotions- Importance Of; Management of Negative Feelings; Positive Value of†). Our emotions are needed to help us make decisions, to help us be passionate about what we love, and to distinguish us from the rest of the world.We need our emotions to help us survive in this society, and without our emotions we are nothing but robots roaming aimlessly around the Earth. The stark reality of Aldous Huxley’s Brave New World is due to the lack of emotions from the citizens. Huxley’s â€Å"utopian† society fails because to have a rich existence in a society, one needs to express and have a full range of emotions. Huxley describes a dystopian society with â€Å"promiscuous sex, ‘the feelies’, and most famously of all, [the] supposedly perfect pleasure-drug, soma† (Pearce). Humans need their emotio ns to distinguish them from other humans.Their emotions and their personality create their own identity. If everyone was the same like the characters in Brave New World, we would not be able to function. We need our emotions to help us through difficult situations. Because the characters in Brave New World do not have emotions, they do not know how to handle difficult situations. Huxley falsely depicted a â€Å"utopian† society emotions and individuality. Huxley’s characters are not credible in that they lack the needed human emotion to make decisions, to create their own identity, to be creative, and to be mentally healthy.Lenina is one important character who is like all the other citizens in the way that she acts and in what â€Å"her† beliefs are. She is taught by the directors and World Controllers that â€Å"No pains have been spared to make your lives emotionally easy—to preserve you, as far as that is possible, from having emotions at all† (Smith). In Brave New World, the citizens do not know how to express their emotions because they are forced to be the same. If a person is different, like Bernard Marx, everyone criticizes that person.Bernard Marx is out of the ordinary and he â€Å"hated [Henry Foster and the Assistant Predestinator]† because they talk about â€Å"[Lenina] as though she were a bit of meat† (Huxley 45 ; 47). He respects Lenina and perhaps feels â€Å"love† for Lenina. This is unusual for an Alpha because they are injected with drugs when they are embryos so that they would not feel these emotions. The citizens are trained to have sex, and to take soma holidays. Bernard Marx is a defect so he actually feels and expresses his emotions which make him unique from the other people.Marx knows how wrong the â€Å"promiscuous sex, ‘the feelies’, and most famously of all, [the] supposedly perfect pleasure-drug, soma† is (Pearce). Linda is a citizen who was exposed to the outside world. Linda is forced to develop her emotions because if she does not, she will be considered an outcast to the â€Å"savages. † In Brave New World, Huxley demonstrates a false interpretation of a â€Å"utopian† society by stripping away the citizens emotions and feelings. In addition to being a false utopian society, this book falsely demonstrates how the world would be like without emotions and feelings.Steve Hein accurately describes what would happen without emotions. He says that â€Å"Our emotions help us make decisions,† and without these emotions we would be making wrong decisions which could lead to dangerous situations. We also use our emotions for critical thinking. The citizens in Brave New World do not have emotions; therefore, they do not have critical thinking skills. We cannot survive without critical thinking skills. Other than helping us make the right decision, our emotions make us unique. Without emotions, we are robots roaming a imlessly through the Earth.